Modelling the forest carbon budget of a Mediterranean region through the integration of ground and satellite data

This paper introduces an innovative modelling strategy aimed at simulating the main terms of net forest carbon budget (net primary production, NPP and net ecosystem exchange, NEE) in Tuscany (Central Italy). The strategy is based on the preliminary calibration and application of parametric and bio-geochemical models (C-Fix and BIOME-BGC, respectively), which simulate the behaviour of forest ecosystems close to equilibrium condition (climax). Next, the ratio of actual over-potential tree volume is computed as an indicator of ecosystem distance from climax and is combined with the model outputs to estimate the NPP and NEE of real forests. The per-pixel application of the new modelling strategy was made possible by the collection of several data layers (maps of forest type and volume, daily meteorological data and monthly normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) images for the years 1999–2003) which served to characterize the eco-climatic and forest features of the region. The obtained estimates of forest NPP and NEE were evaluated against ground measurements of accumulated woody biomass and net carbon exchange. The results of these experiments testify the good potential of the proposed strategy and indicate some problem areas which should be the subject of future research.     

CO_2倍增和气候变化对北京山区栓皮栎林NPP影响研究

应用生物地球化学过程模型BIOME-BGC估算了1977—1992年北京妙峰山栓皮栎（Quercus variabilis）林的净第一性生产力（NPP）,并分析气候对NPP年际变化的影响以及未来气候变化情景下对NPP的影响。结果表明：1977—1992年15年间栓皮栎的NPP（以C计）平均值为340.17g·m-2·a-1,NPP（以C计）变化在143.56～431.56g·m-2·a-1之间,并无明显的整体变化趋势,但表现出明显的年际变化,年际变动率达18%。在这段时间内降水量成为控制栓皮栎林NPP年际变化的主要气候因子。通过设置18种不同未来气候方案进行栓皮栎林NPP模拟表明,CO2浓度加倍会降低栓皮栎林的NPP但降低幅度较小。在CO2浓度不变的情况下,温度升高2.0℃和降水的协同增加以及单个因子的增加都有利于NPP的积累,但协同增加不如单个因子的增加对NPP的积累效应明显;在CO2和气候同时改变的情况下,CO2浓度加倍、温度升高2.0℃和降水的协同增加有利于NPP的积累且协同增加比单个因子的增加对NPP的积累效应明显,但各因子之间交互作用较弱。     

农作物生物质能的遥感估算——以广东省为例

农作物秸秆生物质能项目是生物质能最具产业化和规模化的集约利用方式之一,也是解决能源可持续发展和环境问题的有效途径之一。目前国内外对农作物秸秆生物质能总量估算都是基于传统的实地调查和统计数据来获取,缺乏详细的生物质能的空间分布信息,对生物质能源利用与规划指导粗略。论文以广东省为例,利用基于BIOME鄄BGC模型改进的MOD17A2/A3数据和TM数据对生物质能总量及空间格局进行估算和分析。根据生物质能可用部分的影响因素,建立可用生物质能决策模型。为能源消耗量大的省份在生物质能的有效利用方面提供了依据。     

气候变化情景下湿地净初级生产力风险评价

采用BIOME-BGC模型,模拟了气候变化情景下(A1B, A2, B2)三江平原富锦地区小叶章(Calamagrostis angustifolia)湿地的净初级生产力(NPP)变化,并通过NPP变化情况评价小叶章湿地风险等级.结果表明:未来30年(2013~2042年)各气候情景下富锦小叶章湿地NPP均值均高于基准期均值(1961~1990), A1B和B2情景下未来30年间NPP波动范围变大,A2情景下NPP有降低趋势.风险评价结果表明,气候变化情景下小叶章湿地存在一定风险,尤其是在A1B情景下,未来30年中可能有6年以上的年份存在高风险,A2情景下湿地风险最低.湿地NPP变化与降水量呈显著正相关(R2=0.58,P<0.05),说明降水量是影响区域湿地的重要因素.尽管气候变化情景下假设了存在升温?CO2浓度升高等有利于植物生长的因素,但降水量的的剧烈变化以及极端气候事件的增加,可能会导致湿地在未来气候变化情景下面临较高风险,未来湿地保护与管理过程中应重点关注水的补给和调配.     

The sensitivity of carbon sequestration to harvesting and climate conditions in a temperate cypress forest: Observations and modeling

The role of disturbance and climate factors in determining the forest carbon balance was investigated at a Japanese cypress forest in central Japan with eddy flux measurements, tree-ring analyses, and a terrestrial biosphere model. The forest was established as a plantation after intermittent harvesting and replanting between 1959 and 1977, and acted as a strong carbon sink of approximately 500 g C m⁻² year⁻¹ for the measurement years between 2001 and 2007. A terrestrial biosphere model, BIOME-BGC, was validated using the eddy flux data at daily to interannual timescales, and the tree-ring width data at interannual to decadal timescales. According to the model simulation, during the observation period 270 ± 55 g C m⁻² year⁻¹ was additionally sequestered due to the indirect effects of the harvesting and planting, whereas the increase of CO₂ concentration and the change in climate increased the sink of 110 ± 40 and 30 ± 80 g C m⁻² year⁻¹, respectively. The model simulation shows that the forest is now recovering from harvesting, and that harvesting is a more important determinant of the current carbon sink than either interannual climate anomalies or increased atmospheric CO₂ concentration. We found that harvesting with long rotation length could be effective management activity in order to increase carbon sequestration, if the harvested timber is converted into products with long lifecycles.     

Mapping and Modeling the Biogeochemical Cycling of Turf Grasses in the United States

Turf grasses are ubiquitous in the urban landscape of the United States and are often associated with various types of environmental impacts, especially on water resources, yet there have been limited efforts to quantify their total surface and ecosystem functioning, such as their total impact on the continental water budget and potential net ecosystem exchange (NEE). In this study, relating turf grass area to an estimate of fractional impervious surface area, it was calculated that potentially 163,800 km² (± 35,850 km²) of land are cultivated with turf grasses in the continental United States, an area three times larger than that of any irrigated crop. Using the Biome-BGC ecosystem process model, the growth of warm-season and cool-season turf grasses was modeled at a number of sites across the 48 conterminous states under different management scenarios, simulating potential carbon and water fluxes as if the entire turf surface was to be managed like a well-maintained lawn. The results indicate that well-watered and fertilized turf grasses act as a carbon sink. The potential NEE that could derive from the total surface potentially under turf (up to 17 Tg C/yr with the simulated scenarios) would require up to 695 to 900 liters of water per person per day, depending on the modeled water irrigation practices, suggesting that outdoor water conservation practices such as xeriscaping and irrigation with recycled waste-water may need to be extended as many municipalities continue to face increasing pressures on freshwater.     

我国南方不同类型草地生产力及对气候变化的响应

为进一步明晰南方不同类型草地的碳源汇关系,预测未来气候情景下可能的碳循环特征,利用本地参数化的BIOME-BGC模型对2001~2010年低山丘陵草原化草甸、典型草山草坡和典型山地草甸样地净初级生产力(NPP)与净生态系统生产力(NEP)进行了模拟估算。不同类型草地的NPP和NEP 10年间变化趋势不同,低山丘陵草原化草甸、典型草山草坡和典型山地草甸的NPP平均值分别为357.17、232.4和191.96gC/(m2·a);NEP的平均值分别为3.25、21.28和81.96gC/(m2·a)。3种类型草地NPP与温度之间存在显著的正相关关系,NEP与温度之间存在着显著的负相关关系;本模型模拟的NPP和NEP与年平均降水量之间相关性不明显。未来气候情景C1P-1T1下(CO2浓度倍增,年均温增加2℃,降水减少10%),低山丘陵草原化草甸样地NPP增加26.93%,NEP增加160%;典型草山草坡样地NPP增加62.20%,NEP增加153%;典型山地草甸样地NPP增加135%,NEP增加206%。3种南方草地类型在未来气候情景下都将有一定的碳汇增长潜力,其中以典型山地草甸的碳汇潜力最为明显,与降水量相比受温度变化的影响相对较大。