内蒙古赤峰地区草麻黄资源的分布及利用

本文论述了内蒙古赤峰地区草麻黄的分布和生态特性。草麻黄从东南至西北受气温和降水等因素的影响,在东南部丘陵沙地干草原区集中分布;在中部低山丘陵干草原区呈零星分布,在西北部山地草甸草原区无分布。草麻黄对干旱的环境条件适应能力强,具有耐干旱、耐沙湿、耐高温、耐寒、耐贫瘠和不耐水湿等生态特性。本文对如何保护与合理利用草麻黄资源,提出了建议。     

Birth sex ratios in toque macaques and other mammals: integrating the effects of maternal condition and competition

Mammalian life histories suggest that maternal body condition and social dominance (a measure of resource-holding potential) influence the physical and social development of offspring, and thereby their reproductive success. Predictably, a mother should produce that sex of offspring which contributes most to her fitness (as measured by the number of her grandchildren) and that she is best able to raise within the constraints imposed by her condition, social rank, and environment. Such combined effects were investigated by monitoring variations in body condition (weight) and behavior of female toque macaques, Macaca sinica of Sri Lanka, in a changing forest environment over 18 years. Maternal rank, by itself, had no influence on offspring sex, but did affect maternal body condition. The combined effects of rank and condition indicated the following: mothers in robust condition bore more sons, whereas those in moderate condition bore more daughters, but both effects were expressed most strongly among mothers of high rank. Where the consequences of low rank were felt most acutely, as shown by poor condition, mothers underproduced daughters. Environmental quality directly influenced rank and condition interactions, and thus sex ratios. These relationships, and data from other mammals suggest an empirically and theoretically consistent pattern of sex allocation in mammals. New predictions integrate effects, proposed by Trivers and Willard, that are rooted in male mate competition, which is universal among polygynous mammals, with those of local resource competition (and/or female reproductive competition), which are not universal and differ in intensity between the socioecologies and local environments of different species. Received: 30 May 1998 / Accepted after revision: 29 August 1998     

杉木粉对两种赤潮藻去除的试验研究

利用船基围隔试验,探讨了杉木粉对东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu)、米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)两种赤潮藻的去除效果.并以斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)和卤虫无节幼体(Artemia sinica)为材料,对杉木粉及其有效成分杉木精油的毒性进行了测试.结果显示,杉木粉用量为76.9 mg/L时具有显著去除米氏凯伦藻的作用;浓度为38.4mg/L时可显著去除东海原甲藻.杉木粉对斑马鱼的24 h、48 h半致死浓度分别为2.8 g/L、2.4 g/L,安全浓度为0.6 g/L.利用杉木粉控制赤潮有一定的应用前景.     

天龙山珍稀植物丽豆(Calophaca sinica)分布区植物群落物种多样性与土壤因子的关系

采用样方法对太原天龙山珍稀濒危植物丽豆(Calophaca sinica)野生种群的生境和群落特征进行调查,应用TWINSPAN分类分析群落多样性.据TWINSPAN分类,将丽豆分布区的植物群落划分为14个群丛类型,丽豆在群落中具有明显的生态优势,并对群落的结构起一定决定作用.研究结果表明,丽豆分布区植物群落的物种多样性指数变化受自然环境、群落特征和人为干扰的综合影响,光照充足、人为干扰小的群丛类型的物种多样性较为丰富,在以丽豆为建群种或优势种的群丛中多样性指数较高,均匀度指数也较大.在丽豆分布区的9个土壤因子之间有6对因子存在显著和极显著的相关性;多样性指数与土壤因子回归分析表明,锌(Zn)与8个群落物种多样性指数之间有显著或极显著的相关性,钾(K)、磷(P)与6个多样性指数之间显著相关,其他土壤因子与多样性指数的相关性均不显著.     

活性氧化铝/硅胶吸附剂对环境水体的脱氟行为研究及应用初探

试制新型活性氧化铝/硅胶脱氟吸附剂,具有除氟选择性高、吸附容量大、适于在中性介质中应用、高温下吸附效果更佳等特点.其脱氟机理系典型的化学吸附作用,在含氟8.0mg/L的地热井井口的柱试验结果表明,当处理指标定为水中含氟1.0和3.0mg/L时,穿透体积V_b分别为2380和4000柱体积.饮用水实地试验结果表明,该吸附剂不仅具有除氟效能,还具有显著的降浊、脱色,脱碱和除铁等作用.     

卵圆卡盾藻对卤虫的急性毒性效应

研究了卵圆卡盾藻在不同生长阶段和不同密度下对卤虫的急性毒性效应,结果表明:对数生长初期的卵圆卡盾藻藻液的毒性作用最强,卤虫暴露在4.3×104/mL藻液48 h后,死亡率达到80%;对数生长后期卵圆卡盾藻藻液也具有较强的毒性,48 h卤虫死亡率为67%;衰亡期藻液毒性最弱,48 h卤虫死亡率为40%。卵圆卡盾藻的藻液和滤液均对卤虫有致死作用,且前者毒性大于后者。海洋盾藻藻液和滤液的浓度对数与卤虫的死亡机率单位呈线性关系,藻液对卤虫24 h LD50为4.8×104/mL,而滤液对卤虫的24 h LD50为5.6×104/mL。卤虫在卵圆卡盾藻藻液中的暴露时间(48 h内)与死亡机率呈线性相关关系,在藻密度为5.1×104/mL时,卵圆卡盾藻藻液对卤虫的半致死时间(LT50)为38.6 h。