长江口-浙闽沿岸沉积色素的分布特征及其指示意义

利用高效液相色谱法分析了长江口-浙闽沿岸表层沉积物中的色素组成和含量,探讨了海洋初级生产力、浮游植物功能类群和浮游植物色素保存效率的空间分布特征及其影响因素.结果表明,沉积物中的色素类型主要为沉积绿素(chloropigments,Chlorins)[包括叶绿素a(chlorophyll-a,Chl-a)及其降解产物(pheopigments,Pheo-a),如脱镁叶绿素a(pheophytin-a,PHtin-a)、脱镁叶绿酸a(pheophorbide-a,PHide-a)、焦脱镁叶绿素a(p Pheophytin-a,p PHtin-a)、甾醇绿素酯(sterol chlorin esters,SCEs)和胡萝卜醇绿素酯(carotenol chlorin esters,CCEs)].Chlorins高值区呈南北两大斑块状分布,可能主要是受到长江冲淡水及浙闽沿岸泥质区上升流输运的营养盐的影响.研究区域内类胡萝卜素整体上无明显趋势性变化,在长江口以及浙闽沿岸各呈现一个高值区.基于沉积物中特征类胡萝卜素比例估算得到的浮游植物功能类群中硅藻、甲藻、定鞭藻、青绿藻、隐藻和蓝藻的相对贡献分别为48.8%±17.4%、10.7%±11.5%、8.1%±7.2%、18.6%±8.2%、9.4%±6.4%和4.3%±3.2%.对营养盐水平、水体盐度等外界环境的偏好导致硅藻和甲藻比例离岸降低,青绿藻、隐藻和蓝藻比例离岸增加.Chl-a/Pheo-a比值的分布表明,较高的沉积速率以及季节性的底层水体缺氧事件导致了近岸海域(长江口最大浑浊带外缘、杭州湾湾口以及浙闽沿岸上升流区)具有较高的沉积色素保存效率,这些沉积色素保存效率较高的区域可能是进行海洋生态环境历史重建的理想区域,而杭州湾水体通过舟山群岛与外部海水进行水体交换时造成的较差沉积环境可能是导致杭州湾外海具有较低沉积色素含量和较低保存效率的主要原因.     

喷播基质中土壤菌施用对紫穗槐幼苗光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

为了揭示喷播基质中土壤菌对植物的影响机制、筛选出优势土壤菌配置模式,以适应性极强的紫穗槐（Amorpha fruticosa）为试验材料,将筛选鉴定的3种土壤菌--细菌苏云金杆菌（nl11,专利号nl-11）、真菌卵形孢球托霉（nl15,专利号nl-15）和放线菌嗜热一氧化碳链霉菌（nl1,专利号nl-1）,配制成无菌（CK）、单菌（nl11、nl15、nl1）、两种菌混合（nl11+nl15、nl11+nl1、nl15+nl1）和3种菌混合（nl11+nl15+nl1）,共8种配置方式等比例混入基质中进行温室盆栽试验,分别观测其对紫穗槐幼苗的光合色素含量、光合特性以及叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明:与无菌苗相比,其他7种处理的紫穗槐幼苗w（Chlb）显著高于对照,除nl15+nl1和nl15+nl1+nl11外,其他处理的幼苗w（Chla）和w（Chl）均显著高于对照;除nl15+nl1处理外,其他处理的幼苗w（Car）显著高于对照.相比对照,nl11+nl15处理的幼苗净光合速率（P_n）显著提高123.5%,nl11处理的幼苗净光合速率（P_n）、水分利用效率（WUE）和光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）最大光化学量子产量（F_v/F_m）显著提高148.72%、156.21%和5.74%,nl15处理的幼苗PSⅡ实际光化学效率（Φ_PSⅡ）显著提高,nl11+nl15+nl1处理的幼苗净光合速率、光化学淬灭系数（qP）与电子传递速率（ETR）显著提高173.59%、12.58%和5.13%,nl1处理的紫穗槐幼苗初始荧光（F_o）与最大荧光（F_m）显著低于无菌幼苗10.05%和19.86%.通过土壤菌施用,显著促进了紫穗槐幼苗的光合色素的合成,提高气孔导度、水分利用效率、蒸腾速率和净光合速率,降低气孔限制值,增强了植株对有效光的利用,并且防止过剩光能对光合机构的进一步伤害,提高抗逆性和适应性,并以nl11、nl11+nl15和nl11+nl15+nl1这3种配置模式效果最为显著.      

海洋环境中光合色素分析方法研究与应用进展

根据国内外的文献,综述了海洋环境中光合色素分析方法的发展状况,指出了其分析方法在发展过程中创新的主要方面,并对光合色素分析在赤潮监测、藻类的化学分类及生物碳生物量和矿物质通量方面的应用进行了展望。     

Response of the pigment system of conifers to long-term industrial air pollution

To estimate the response of conifers to long-term industrial air pollution at the pigment system level, the dynamics of photosynthetic pigments have been studied in needles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.) growing at different distances from the emission source (a pulp and paper mill). It has been shown that the pigment apparatus of spruce. The results show that in spruce, unlike in pine, the pigment apparatus remains unchanged under the effect of weak pollution. Long-term exposure at high levels of industrial emission results in suppression of chlorophyll and carotenoid syntheses in pine but stimulates pigment production in spruce. An increase in the contents of pigments in the needles of conifers growing in the impact zone of the pulp and paper mill reflects a compensatory mechanism of adaptation of their pigment system to long-term stress exposure.     

The liver but not the skin is the site for conversion of a red carotenoid in a passerine bird

Carotenoids may provide numerous health benefits and are also responsible for the integumentary coloration of many bird species. Despite their importance, many aspects of their metabolism are still poorly known, and even basic issues such as the anatomical sites of conversion remain controversial. Recent studies suggest that the transformation of carotenoid pigments takes place directly in the follicles during feather growth, even though the liver has been previously recognised as a storing organ for these pigments with a certain potential for conversion. In this context, we analysed the carotenoid profile of plasma, liver, skin and feathers of male Common Crossbills (Loxia curvirostra). Interestingly, the derivative feather pigment 3-hydroxy-echinenone was detected in the liver and in the bloodstream (i.e. the necessary vehicle to transport metabolites to colourful peripheral tissues). Our results demonstrate for the first time with empirical data that the liver may act as the main site for the synthesis of integumentary carotenoids. This finding contradicts previous assumptions and raises the question of possible inter-specific differences in the site of carotenoid conversion in birds.     

氧化石墨烯对淡水微藻生长及生物活性物质的影响

为掌握氧化石墨烯（GO）的水环境风险,以斜生栅藻（Scenedesmus obliquus）和湖泊微拟球藻（Nannochloropsis limnetica）为研究对象,探究了GO对淡水微藻生长及其生物活性物质（碳水化合物、总蛋白质、总脂）的影响.结果表明,GO对2种微藻具有中等毒性,72h EC₅₀值分别为25.63和48.44mg/L.透射电镜（TEM）观察发现,GO纳米片层既能附着于藻细胞表面也能进入藻细胞内部,造成藻细胞超微结构明显变化,包括：质壁分离;叶绿体收缩;淀粉粒数量减少甚至消失.较低浓度（10mg/L）GO会促进微藻中光合色素（叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素）合成;而较高浓度（100mg/L）GO暴露下,2种微藻的类胡萝卜素和斜生栅藻叶绿素a的含量显著降低.2种浓度的GO总体上刺激了藻细胞内生物活性物质的合成,这是污染胁迫下的一种主动防御机制;而较高浓度GO造成碳水化合物含量显著降低,可能原因是细胞中储能物质由淀粉向中性脂转化.     

Carotenoid-based colouration and ultraviolet reflectance of the sexual ornaments of grouse

Among the most familiar sexual signals are red, yellow, and orange sexual traits pigmented by carotenoids. Many birds can detect near-ultraviolet (UV) light, and UV signals can play key roles in mate choice. Grouse (Tetraonidae) exhibit bright carotenoid-dependent sexual ornaments, their supra-orbital combs, which to humans appear orange-red. Combs also reflect in the UV, which is not visible to humans but is likely to be visible to grouse. In male red grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus, we show that comb UV reflectance decreases with increasing comb size and redness. By removing the epidermis of combs, where carotenoid pigments are, we show that the UV reflectance is a property of the dermis, underneath the red pigmented epidermis. Carotenoid pigmentation of combs acted as a mask to reduce reflectance by the dermis in the range 400–550 nm and in the UV, 300–400 nm. Patagium skin (non-ornamental skin under the wing) also reflects in the UV, but epidermis removal on this bare part tended to reduce UV reflectance, whereas removal of the red epidermis of combs increased UV reflectance. Males in better condition (greater body mass relative to size) had bigger and redder combs, but with less UV. Thus, carotenoid pigments of grouse combs are deposited on a white background with significant UV reflectance, which can influence how the signal is perceived by conspecifics. Carotenoid-based traits exhibit UV reflectance in a number of species, but how UV reflectance and carotenoid pigmentation influence colour remains little known for integumentary ornaments compared to plumage traits. UV vision is not uncommon in birds and other animals, so future studies should investigate how UV reflectance influences the perception of carotenoid-based signals of quality.     

Toxicity of endosulfan on growth,photosynthesis, and nitrogenase activity in two species of Nostoc (Nostoc muscorum and Nostoc calcicola)

Treatments of the cyanobacteria Nostoc muscorum and Nostoc calcicola with the insecticide endosulfan (5, 10, and 20?µg?mL^?1) inhibited growth, photosynthetic pigments, photosynthetic, and nitrogenase activities. The sensitivity of N. muscorum to endosulfan was higher than that of N. calcicola. The toxic effect of endosulfan was more pronounced on phycocyanin; however, a considerable reduction in chlorophyll a and carotenoids was also noticed. ¹⁴C-fixation appeared to be more sensitive to the insecticide than photosynthetic oxygen evolution. Endosulfan caused strong inhibition of photosystem (PS) II activity whereas PS I was least affected. The inhibition of PS II activity was partially restored by electron donors (DPC, NH₂OH, and MnCl₂) at low dose of endosulfan. Nitrogenase activity was significantly suppressed in both species by the endosulfan at high dose (20?µg?mL^?1). On the basis of our comparative analysis, N. calcicola was found to be endosulfan resistant and can be used in paddy fields for better productivity under pesticide stress.     

恩诺沙星和硫氰酸红霉素对铜绿微囊藻的毒性研究

研究了恩诺沙星、硫氰酸红霉素暴露对铜绿微囊藻生长和生理的影响.结果显示恩诺沙星、硫氰酸红霉素对铜绿微囊藻的生长有抑制作用,且96h-EC50分别为84.6,48.2mg/L;对铜绿微囊藻的叶绿素荧光和光合色素含量的影响一致,表现为浓度-效应关系;对可溶性蛋白含量的影响表现为低促高抑的现象;丙二醛含量随着抗生素浓度的增加显著增加.可见,恩诺沙星和硫氰酸红霉素能够阻碍铜绿微囊藻的光合作用,抑制可溶性蛋白的合成,从而影响铜绿微囊藻的正常生长.     

Ornamental comb colour predicts T-cell-mediated immunity in male red grouse <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lagopus lagopus scoticus</Emphasis>

Sexual ornaments might reliably indicate the ability to cope with parasites and diseases, and a better ability to mount a primary inflammatory response to a novel challenge. Carotenoid-based ornaments are amongst the commonest sexual signals of birds and often influence mate choice. Because carotenoids are immuno-stimulants, signallers may trade-off allocating these to ornamental colouration or using them for immune responses, so carotenoid-based ornaments might be particularly useful as honest indicators of immuno-compentence. Tetraonid birds, such as the red grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus, exhibit supra-orbital yellow-red combs, a conspicuous ornament which functions in intra- and inter-sexual selection. The colour of combs is due to epidermal pigmentation by carotenoids, while their size is testosterone-dependent. In this study, I investigated whether comb characteristics, and in particular, comb colour, indicated immuno-competence in free-living male red grouse. I assessed T-cell-mediated immunity using a standardised challenge with phytohaemagglutinin. Red grouse combs reflect in the red and in the ultraviolet spectrum of light, which is not visible to humans but that grouse most likely see, so I measured comb colour across the whole bird visible spectrum (300-700 nm) using a reflectance spectrometer. I found that males with bigger and redder combs, but with less ultraviolet reflectance, had greater T-cell-mediated immune response. Comb colour predicted T-cell-mediated immune response better than comb size, indicating that the carotenoid-based colouration of this ornament might reliably signal this aspect of male quality.