喜凉作物生长期对全球变暖停滞响应的时空差异——以中国绿洲为例

基于中国绿洲喜凉作物（chimonophilous crop）分布区39个站点1960~2016年逐日平均气温资料,运用线性趋势法、反距离加权插值（IDW）、Morlet小波、Mann-Kendall检验等方法,研究中国绿洲喜凉作物气候生长期的时空变化对变暖停滞的响应.结果表明：①变暖停滞期,中国绿洲喜凉作物气候生长期起、止日及生长期日数以-0.2d/10a、0.33d/10a、0.53d/10a的趋势变化,较1960~2016年起始日提前趋势减缓1.01d/10a,终止日推迟减缓1.28d/10a,生长期日数延长减缓2.3d/10a,对变暖停滞有响应.②中国绿洲喜凉作物气候生长期起始日对变暖停滞响应的站点有44%,终止日和生长期日数均为49%,主要分布在南疆、柴达木盆地和河西绿洲,其中河西绿洲对变暖停滞响应最明显,南疆次之,柴达木最小,而北疆绿洲不存在滞缓现象,显然空间差异明显.③M-K检验显示,中国绿洲喜凉作物气候生长期起、止日及生长期日数分别在2001年、1990年和1997年发生突变,起始日晚于变暖停滞起始年份,终止日和生长期日数早于变暖停滞起始年,且分绿洲生长期日数突变年与变暖停滞起始年相接近.④Morlet小波得出变暖停滞期其变化稳定存在2.4~4.3a的震荡周期,表明未来几年中国绿洲喜凉作物气候生长期仍持续延长.     

黄土高原人工刺槐林土壤团聚体中不同活性有机碳从南到北的变化特征

不同粒径团聚体中的不同活性有机碳对人工林土壤质量改善及碳库动态平衡有重要的作用.本研究在黄土高原地区,从南向北沿着降雨和温度降低梯度选择淳化、安塞、绥德和神木共4个地区,比较研究了人工刺槐林土壤团聚体不同的活性有机碳含量变化及其影响因素.通过湿筛法将土壤团聚体分级为粉黏粒（<0.053 mm）、微团聚体（0.25~0.053 mm）和大团聚体（>0.25 mm）,用Leffory法测定3种粒径土壤团聚体低、中、高活性有机碳含量.结果表明：①4个样区大团聚体（>0.25 mm）含量由南至北呈先降低后增加趋势,微团聚体（0.25~0.053 mm）含量逐渐增加,粉黏粒（<0.053 mm）含量则先增后减.②4个样区中土壤团聚体3种活性有机碳含量大小顺序为低活性 > 中活性 > 高活性,其中,粉黏粒（<0.053 mm）低活性有机碳含量为1.02~1.52 g·kg^-1,中活性有机碳含量为0.53~0.91 g·kg^-1,高活性有机碳含量为0.28~0.43 g·kg^-1;而微团聚体（0.25~0.053 mm）低活性有机碳含量为1.02~2.02 g·kg^-1,中活性有机碳含量为0.46~1.20 g·kg^-1,高活性有机碳含量为0.31~0.85 g·kg^-1;大团聚体（>0.25 mm）低活性有机碳含量为1.08~3.07 g·kg^-1,中活性有机碳含量为0.70~1.96 g·kg^-1,高活性有机碳含量为0.48~1.24 g·kg^-1.③黄土高原人工刺槐林3种粒径团聚体的低、中、高活性有机碳含量主要与年均气温（MAT）、年均降雨量（MAP）、土壤SOC、TN和含水率显著相关（p<0.05）,且在同一活性下,活性有机碳含量与MAT、MAP、土壤TN、SOC、含水率的相关性随着土壤团聚体粒径的增大而越显著.研究结果对理解黄土高原土壤团聚体活性有机碳含量在空间尺度上的变化特征和影响因素具有重要意义.     

左炔诺孕酮对稀有鮈鲫脂质代谢的干扰效应

为探究孕激素左炔诺孕酮（LNG）对鱼类脂质代谢的影响,将刚孵化的稀有鮈鲫仔鱼置于0.8和6.5ng/L LNG暴露6个月至性成熟,考察其生长指标、肝脏组织病理学变化、脂质和脂蛋白含量及脂质代谢相关基因的表达情况.结果显示：（1）0.8,6.5ng/L LNG暴露显著降低70dph稀有鮈鲫的体重和肥满度,且6.5ng/L LNG暴露显著降低180dph雌、雄鱼的体长或体重;（2）0.8,6.5ng/L LNG暴露导致180dph成鱼肝脏出现细胞空泡、肝细胞肿胀等损伤;（3）0.8,6.5ng/L LNG暴露显著降低180dph雌鱼肝脏中甘油三酯、胆固醇的含量,且6.5ng/L LNG暴露显著降低雌鱼血浆中甘油三酯的含量,但对雄鱼肝脏及血浆的脂质含量无显著影响;（4）0.8,6.5ng/L LNG暴露显著降低180dph雌鱼肝脏中脂肪酸合成酶基因（fasn） mRNA的表达水平,且6.5ng/L LNG暴露显著降低180dph雄鱼肝脏中fasn及乙酰辅酶A羧化酶基因（acaca） mRNA的表达水平.由此可见,LNG长期低剂量暴露可抑制稀有鮈鲫的生长、诱导肝细胞损伤、引起肝脏和血浆脂质含量发生性别差异性变化,并影响肝脏中脂质代谢相关基因的表达,表明LNG在低浓度下可干扰稀有鮈鲫的脂质代谢,提示LNG对鱼类种群具有较高的潜在生态风险.     

Density functional theory (DFT) studies of vanadium-titanium based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts

Based on density functional theory (DFT) and basic structure models, the chemical reactions on the surface of vanadium-titanium based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) denitrification catalysts were summarized. Reasonable structural models (non-periodic and periodic structural models) are the basis of density functional calculations. A periodic structure model was more appropriate to represent the catalyst surface, and its theoretical calculation results were more comparable with the experimental results than a non-periodic model. It is generally believed that the SCR mechanism where NH₃ and NO react to produce N₂ and H₂O follows an Eley-Rideal type mechanism. NH₂NO was found to be an important intermediate in the SCR reaction, with multiple production routes. Simultaneously, the effects of H₂O, SO₂ and metal on SCR catalysts were also summarized.     

Recent advances in catalytic decomposition of ozone

Ozone (O₃), as a harmful air pollutant, has been of wide concern. Safe, efficient, and economical O₃ removal methods urgently need to be developed. Catalytic decomposition is the most promising method for O₃ removal, especially at room temperature or even subzero temperatures. Great efforts have been made to develop high-efficiency catalysts for O₃ decomposition that can operate at low temperatures, high space velocity and high humidity. First, this review describes the general reaction mechanism of O₃ decomposition on noble metal and transition metal oxide catalysts. Then, progress on the O₃ decomposition performance of various catalysts in the past 30 years is summarized in detail. The main focus is the O₃ decomposition performance of manganese oxides, which are divided into supported manganese oxides and non-supported manganese oxides. Methods to improve the activity, stability, and humidity resistance of manganese oxide catalysts for O₃ decomposition are also summarized. The deactivation mechanisms of manganese oxides under dry and humid conditions are discussed. The O₃ decomposition performance of monolithic catalysts is also summarized from the perspective of industrial applications. Finally, the future development directions and prospects of O₃ catalytic decomposition technology are put forward.     

Will polycentric cities cause more CO2 emissions? A case study of 232 Chinese cities

From 2000 to 2010 China experienced rapid economic development and urbanization. Many cities in economically developed areas have developed from a single-center status to polycentricity. In this study, we used exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) to identify the population centers, which identified 232 cities in China as having urban centers. COMP was used to represent urban agglomeration, and POLYD (representing how far is the city's sub-centers to the main center), POLYC (representing the number of a city's centers), and POLYP (representing the population distributed between the main center and the sub-centers) were used to indicate urban polycentricity. Night light data were used to determine the CO₂ emissions from various cities in China. A mixed model was used to study the impact of urban aggregation and polycentric data on the CO₂ emission efficiency in 2000 and 2010. The study found that cities with higher compactness were distributed in coastal areas, and the cities with higher multicentricity were distributed in the Yangtze River Delta and Shandong Province. The more compact the city was, the less conducive it was to improving CO₂ emission efficiency. Polycentric development of the city was conducive to improving the CO₂ emission efficiency, but the number of urban centers had no significant relationship with the CO₂ emission efficiency. Our research showed that the compactness and multicentricity of the city had an impact on the CO₂ emission efficiency and provided some planning suggestions for the low carbon development of the city.     

黄土塬面保护区潜在蒸发量时空变化及其与气象、环流因子关系分析

黄土塬面是黄土高原地区主要的农业分布区和人口聚居地,地位十分重要。黄土塬面潜在蒸发量（ET₀）的研究对于区域水循环研究、水土流失防治及农业的可持续发展具有重要意义。基于黄土塬面保护区1960—2017年的气象数据,利用Penman-Monteith模型、小波分析、Mann-Kendall非参数检验等方法研究了黄土塬面保护区ET₀的变化规律及其与气象、环流因子间的关系。结果表明：（1）黄土塬面保护区多年平均ET₀为1173.4 mm,总体呈现增长趋势,增长率为21.1 mm/10 a;其生长季平均ET₀值及增长率均高于非生长季平均ET₀。（2）该区多年平均ET₀空间分布特征表现为东部高西部低,西部甘肃塬区多年平均ET₀远低于东部山西塬区。（3）过去58年来,区域年均、生长季、非生长季ET₀均呈现出增长趋势,但空间差异明显;研究区年均ET₀存在着10年、30年和50年的震荡周期,其中以30年周期为主周期。（4）气温是控制区域ET₀变化的最重要的气象因子,但气温对ET₀的影响具有明显的空间差异,在整个研究区内最低气温影响最显著;而甘肃塬区和陕西塬区的ET₀变化主要受平均气温变化的控制,在山西塬区最高气温的变化是区域ET₀变化的主要控制因子。（5）遥相关分析结果显示太平洋/北美指数（PNA）与北大西洋年代尺度振荡（AMO）对该区域ET₀变化有一定影响,西太平洋海温指数（WPI）的变化影响区域非生长季ET₀变化。     

SBR法处理中药材有机废水工艺研究

应用ＳＢＲ法对中药材有机废水进行了研究。考察了ＣＯＤＣＲ、ＢＯＤ５、ＳＳ、ＮＨ３－Ｈ的处理效果，以及ＰＨ、水温、污泥负荷等条件对去除率的影响。运行结果表明，ＰＨＯ ６．０－９．０、ｔ为１５－３０℃、污沁荷０．３ｋｇＢＯＤ５／ｋｇＭＬＳＳ．ｄ，运行程序：进水０．５ｈ（限制曝气）、曝气１０ｈ、脱氮１．５ｈ，沉降０．５ｈ，排水０．５ｈ、闲置１１ｈ，周期时间２４ｈ时ＣＯＤＣＲ去除率８８％、ＢＯＤ５９４％、     

西藏高原土壤－植物系统元素分布特征研究

讨论了西藏高原３６种元素的植物含量水平及其在土壤－植物系统的分布特征、影响因素．利用吸收系数和统计分析的方法，定量描述了植物对土壤不同元素的吸收、富集能力．研究结果表明，在西藏高原的土壤－植物系统中，亲硫元素和碱金属、碱土金属元素的生物地球化学行为较亲铁元素活跃，植物元素的类型划分和元素的地球化学行为密切相关．     

黄土洞穴的环境灾害效应

黄土洞穴本身是一种地质灾害,对黄土地区的运输、管道、拦蓄水工程、厂房、民居等各类工业与民用建筑构成不同程度威胁;还可促发其它地质灾害的发生和发展,恶化黄土高原地区的生态环境和地质环境。文章根据野外和室内研究所积累的资料,对黄土洞穴的地质灾害效应以及环境变化效应进行了初步研究。其研究成果不仅为黄土洞穴工程灾害的防治提供科学依据,而且还可进一步了解黄土地区水土流失的发育规律及其第四纪以来的地质环境变化状况。