盐胁迫下真盐生植物与泌盐植物的渗透调节物质及其贡献的比较研究

分别用含有0、100、200、400 mmol L-1 NaCl的Hoagland培养液处理真盐生植物海蓬子(Salicornia europaea)、盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa),含有0、100、200 mmol L-1 NaCl的Hoagland培养液处理泌盐植物二色补血草(Limonium bicolor)、滨藜(Atriplex spongiosa)、獐毛(Aleuropus sinensis)和隐花草(Crypsis aculenta)幼苗.处理一定时间后测定其鲜重、干重、有机干重、有机和无机渗透调节剂、渗透调节能力、渗透势、c(Na)/c(K)、c(Suc)/c(SS)等.结果发现,在较适盐度下,实验植物的干鲜重、有机干重和含水量均随盐度增高而增大,而在高盐度下则大部分植物受到抑制.双子叶植物和单子叶植物的无机渗透调节剂Na+、Cl-含量均随盐度升高而增大,双子叶植物的增幅大于单子叶植物,c(Na)/c(K)也高于单子叶植物.双子叶盐生植物的有机渗调剂在渗调中的贡献随外界盐度的升高而降低,而单子叶盐生植物则相反,其可溶性糖含量远高于双子叶植物,蔗糖含量尤其突出,c(Suc)/c(SS)也大于双子叶植物.双子叶植物的渗透调节能力大于单子叶植物,真盐生植物的渗透调节能力大于泌盐植物.另外,6种植物的实测渗透势大于计算渗透势,证明实验植物中还有一些未测定的渗透调节物质.本文还讨论了双子叶植物与单子叶植物、真盐生植物与泌盐植物在渗透剂、渗透调节能力、c(Na)/c(K)、c(Suc)/c(SS)存在区别的可能原因.图3 表4 参24     

Seasonal ontogenetic colour plasticity in the adult striated shieldbug <Emphasis Type="Italic">Graphosoma lineatum</Emphasis> (Heteroptera) and its effect on detectability

Camouflage and warning colouration are two important forms of protective colouration. We have studied the detectability of two seasonal colourations in the aposematic striated shieldbug, Graphosoma lineatum. The typical colouration of this insect is red and black, which is also the colouration of the reproductive post-hibernation bugs in our study area in south central Sweden. However, the majority of newly eclosed adults in late summer exhibit a ‘pale’ (light brownish, non-red) and black striation, and these bugs appear quite cryptic to the human eye when sitting on the dried stems and umbels of their host plants. In experiments using photographs of prey in the late-summer habitat shown on a computer screen, we compared the time to detection by human subjects of bugs, which had been manipulated to show either of the two typical seasonal colourations. Time to detection was significantly longer for the pale and black than for the red-and-black striation in images with the bug photographed at two different distances. This indicates that the pale pre-hibernation striation may have a cryptic function. In a separate experiment, we tested detectability of striated and non-striated manipulations of bug pre-hibernation colouration against the late-summer background, and found that time to detection was significantly longer for the striated bugs. We discuss potential functional explanations for the seasonal ontogenetic colour plasticity and suggest that the epidermal pale colour in the late summer provides a benefit of increased camouflage.