Occurrence of the non-native annual bluegrass on the Antarctic mainland and its negative effects on native plants

Few non-native species have colonized Antarctica, although increased human activity and accelerated climate change may increase their number, distributional range, and effects on native species on the continent. We searched 13 sites on the maritime Antarctic islands and 12 sites on the Antarctic Peninsula for annual bluegrass (Poa annua), a non-native flowering plant. We also evaluated the possible effects of competition between P. annua and 2 vascular plants native to Antarctica, Antarctic pearlwort (Colobanthus quitensis) and Antarctic hairgrass (Deschampsia antarctica). We grew the native species in experimental plots with and without annual bluegrass under conditions that mimicked the Antarctic environment. After 5 months, we measured photosynthetic performance on the basis of chlorophyll fluorescence and determined total biomass of both native species. We found individual specimens of annual bluegrass at 3 different sites on the Antarctic Peninsula during the 2007-2008 and 2009-2010 austral summers. The presence of bluegrass was associated with a statistically significant reduction in biomass of pearlwort and hairgrass, whereas the decrease in biomass of bluegrass was not statistically significant. Similarly, the presence of bluegrass significantly reduced the photosynthetic performance of the 2 native species. Sites where bluegrass occurred were close to major maritime routes of scientific expeditions and of tourist cruises to Antarctica. We believe that if current levels of human activity and regional warming persist, more non-native plant species are likely to colonize the Antarctic and may affect native species.     

模拟增温对川西北高寒草甸两种典型植物生长和光合特征的影响

在野外自然条件下采用开顶式生长室(OTC)模拟增温的方法,研究了增温对川西北高寒草甸两种典型植物--单子叶草本植物发草(Deschampsia caespitosa)和双子叶草本植物遏蓝荣(Thlaspi arvense)生长和光合特征的影响.结果表明,增温有利于发草地上生物量的增加,其光响应曲线明显高于对照处理,净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(C_s)、最大净光合速率(P_(max))、暗呼吸速率(R_d)、表观量子效率(AQY)和光饱和点(LSP)显著高于对照处理,而光补偿点(LCP)却显著低于对照处理,并且最大光能转化效率(F_v/F_m)、光合量子产量(Yield)、光化学猝灭系数(q_p)和非光化学猝灭系数(q_N)与对照处理相比,都显著增加;增温后遏蓝菜的单株生物量积累显著下降,其光响应曲线也明显低于对照处理,P_n、T_r、C_s、P_(max)、R_d、AQY和LSP显著低于对照处理,F_v/F_m、Yield和q_p在增温后显著减少,而q_N却显著增加.图5表3参25     

Effect of chemophytostabilization practices on arbuscular mycorrhiza colonization of Deschampsia cespitosa ecotype Waryński at different soil depths

The effects of chemophytostabilization practices on arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) of Deschampsia cespitosa roots at different depths in soils highly contaminated with heavy metals were studied in field trials. Mycorrhizal parameters, including frequency of mycorrhization, intensity of root cortex colonization and arbuscule abundance were studied. Correlations between concentration of bioavailable Cd, Zn, Pb and Cu in soil and mycorrhizal parameters were estimated. An increase in AM colonization with increasing soil depth was observed in soils with spontaneously growing D. cespitosa. A positive effect of chemophytostabilization amendments (calcium phosphate, lignite) on AM colonization was found in the soil layers to which the amendments were applied. Negative correlation coefficients between mycorrhizal parameters and concentration of bioavailable Cd and Zn in soil were obtained. Our results demonstrated that chemophytostabilization practices enhance AM colonization in D. cespitosa roots, even in soils fertilized with high rates of phosphorus.     

The Nutrient Status of Some Graminaceous Species in Britain. 2. Deschampsia Flexuosa (L.) Trin

Above-ground biomass of Deschampsia flexuosa from 40 sites throughout Britain was analysed for concentrations of elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and Na), with matching analyses of nutrient levels in the soils, together with pH and LOI. Seasonal variation in the nutrients was also studied in detail at one of the sites. the grass was found on acid sites ranging between pH 3.1 and 4.7. the soil humus content varied widely, and there were significant correlations between that and elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn and Na) in the soil. Concentrations of zinc and manganese in the plant material were the only elements that significantly correlated with extractable levels in the soils. Tissue concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium declined throughout the growing season, whereas the other elements showed a tendency to build up until the end of September. Calcium, magnesium and manganese concentrations then declined as growth ceased. the results are compared with above-ground concentrations of minerals in other plants and the growth strategy of this perennial grass.     

弯茎还阳参的化学成分

从弯茎还阳参全草中首次分离得到12个化合物,通过理化性质和波谱数据,分别鉴定为对羟基苯甲酸(1)、对羟基苯甲酸乙酯(2)、20(30)-烯-3β,21α-双羟基蒲公英烷(3)、秦皮乙素(4)、乌素酸(5)、齐墩果酸(6)、芹菜素(7)、木犀草素(8)、二十八烷酸(9)、二十五烷酸α单甘油酯(10)、胡萝卜苷(11)和木犀草素-7-葡萄糖苷(12).其中,化合物3、4、5、8在体外对小鼠黑色素瘤B16具有抑制作用.参17