我国废旧纺织品回收再利用的困境及其成因分析

我国是纺织品的生产大国,也是纺织品的消耗大国。在快时尚观念的影响下,纺织品更新频率越来越快,更新数量越来越大,导致废旧纺织品的回收再利用成为急需解决的问题。分析了目前废旧纺织品回收再利用的困难状况,探究了这种状况产生的原因,主要在于纺织品复杂度高、政策规制不到位、意识淡漠、回收渠道不畅等因素。     

Mitigating the Davos dilemma: towards a global self-sustainability index

The ‘Davos dilemma’ posits a sustainability crisis, provoked by rising human population and intense competitive behaviours, in terms of control and access to depleting natural resources. More broadly understood as an ecological problem, rather than just socio-economic behavioural deficiencies, the call is for better integrated social, natural and business-indexed reporting within planetary boundaries. This poses challenges for nationally governed societies to equitably account for self-sustainability performance, in enabling their successive government agendas to re-orientate policies and industry investments as innovation towards achieving this in the longer term. We propose and test a global self-sustainability index for countries across four metrics: economic, environmental, social and innovation. Our tentative findings from a cross-country analysis of 27 countries during 2007–2010 illustrate the approach for wider systematic analysis and as a basis for future large-scale assessments on self-sustainability within and between countries.     

Pluralism,The Ethical Matrix,and Coming to Conclusions

The ethical matrix approach was developed by Prof Ben Mepham and his colleagues at the University of Nottingham in the early 1990s. Since then the approach has received increasing attention and has been used by several researchers in different projects related to assessing ethical impacts of different food production technologies and other policy options of societal concern. The ethical matrix is sometimes understood simply as a checklist of ethical concerns, but might also be seen as a guide to coming to conclusions on moral questions. The problem I discuss in this paper relates to how using the ethical matrix method as a decision guide can be combined with respecting pluralism. The aim of the paper is to suggest a framework making it possible to – at the same time – enhance public justification of judgments and respect pluralism. I argue that pluralism is fundamental to the ethical matrix approach; I distinguish between intuitionist principled pluralism and societal value pluralism; and I show how both kinds of pluralism imply restrictions on how conclusions can be made. No substantive moral decision principles can be allowed. Still, I argue, decision principles of a more epistemological or procedural character can be acceptable even within pluralism. The pragmatist principle of inquiry is defended as an account of moral problem solving compatible with both principled pluralism and value pluralism. When an ethical matrix is used within such a participatory inquiry process substantive conclusions can be drawn.     

Moral Responsibility for Environmental Problems—Individual or Institutional?

The actions performed by individuals, as consumers and citizens, have aggregate negative consequences for the environment. The question asked in this paper is to what extent it is reasonable to hold individuals and institutions responsible for environmental problems. A distinction is made between backward-looking and forward-looking responsibility. Previously, individuals were not seen as being responsible for environmental problems, but an idea that is now sometimes implicitly or explicitly embraced in the public debate on environmental problems is that individuals are appropriate targets for blame when they perform actions that are harmful to the environment. This idea is criticized in this paper. It is argued that instead of blaming individuals for performing actions that are not environmentally friendly we should ascribe forward-looking responsibility to individuals, a notion that focuses more on capacity and resources than causation and blameworthiness. Furthermore, it is important to emphasize that a great share of forward-looking responsibility should also be ascribed to institutional agents, primarily governments and corporations. The urge to ascribe forward-looking responsibility to institutional agents is motivated by the efficiency aim of responsibility distributions. Simply put, if responsibility is ascribed to governments and corporations there is a better chance of creating a society in which the opportunities to act in an environmentally friendly way increase.     

区域环境司法协作的实践表征及发展理路探析

环境司法协作是促进区域、流域环境整体性治理的重要保障。但当前相关研究侧重某个重点区域、流域的环境司法协作分析,亟待对京津冀、长三角、成渝、长江、黄河等区域、流域环境司法协作实践进行全面的考察和规范分析。可以依据协作目的、内容、空间,将多元化的环境司法协作样态分为政策回应型协作与程序便利型协作、纵向协作与横向协作、省（区、市）内协作与跨省协作等。针对规范性、结构性、机制性等困境,区域环境司法协作需要从纵向协作迈向纵横协作结合、从协议型协作迈向立法型协作、从低位阶协作迈向高位阶协作。未来还需要加强区域、流域、陆海统筹下的立法协同,探索“共享法庭”及其配套治理体系与能力的纳入与应用,推动大数据、区块链、人工智能等新兴技术与司法的深度融合,从而对区域环境司法协作进行全面的规范性补强、结构性调适、协同配合机制的建构及数字化司法转型。     

中国环境联合执法效能建设面临的困境与对策研究

环境联合执法是指通过相关职能部门共同协作、统一执法,以实现有效预防和处置环境污染问题的一种执法机制。它是近年来各地为了改善环境执法效果而进行的一种有益尝试和探索,在实践中取得了一些成效,但同时也存在不少问题有待进一步深入思考。环境保护的严峻性和特殊性决定了环境联合执法的必要性,随着人们对环境联合执法工作的不断尝试和探索,一些矛盾与困局也逐渐显露出来。在当前形势下,如何克服体制机制障碍、切实落实责任、完善执法手段、提升执法效能有待于进一步思考解决。     

废纸回收行业的困境与出路

废纸回收企业的竞争和国家再生资源税收政策的实施,对我国废纸回收行业影响很大,分析了产业环境的变化对废纸行业的影响,以及废纸回收行业面临的困境,被提出废纸回收行业走出困境的做法和建设。     

考虑恐慌心理的人员疏散模

为研究恐慌心理对紧急情况下人员疏散时间和过程的影响,建立一种基于元胞自动机和改进囚徒困境模型的人员疏散仿真模型;运用该模型考虑恐慌心理对人员疏散路径、速度大小和行为策略的影响;运用此模型分析初始人员密度、环境熟悉度、行为策略比例和行为策略惯性等对恐慌人员疏散规律的影响。研究结果表明:通常情况下,人员疏散时间随着恐慌程度的增加而增加;而在高密度人群聚集且高环境熟悉度情况下,适当提高恐慌程度可降低疏散时间。此外,同一疏散场景下,人员疏散时间的标准差随环境熟悉度的增加而下降。人员在陌生环境陷入高度恐慌时,保持高度的合作行为可显著降低疏散时间;而频繁调整策略则会增加疏散时间。