雷州半岛与海南岛砖红壤养分比较研究

雷州半岛与海南岛砖红壤养分比较研究罗凯（广东省徐闻县农村工作委员会，徐闻５２４１００）ＣｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎｏｆＮｕｔｒｉｅｎｔｓＣｏｎｔｅｎｔｏｆＬａｔｏｓｏｌｓｉｎＬｅｉｚｈｏｕＰｅｎｉｎｓｕｌａａｎｄＨａｉｎａｎＩｓｌａｎｄ￥ＬｕｏＫａｉ（Ｒｕｒ...     

雷州半岛旱地砖红壤非点源氮、磷淋溶损失模拟研究

大量施用化学肥料所引起的养分淋失和环境污染正逐渐受到人们的重视。通过土柱模拟氮、磷素养分淋溶试验．研究了不同施肥处理下砖红壤氮、磷素淋溶损失特点。试验结果表明，随着尿素用量的增加，渗漏水中NH4^＋-N质量浓度和TN淋失量也相应增加，而NO3^--N的质量浓度变化幅度较大，渗漏水中氮素淋失形态主要是以NO3^--N为主。由于土壤磷素很难移动，所以TP累积淋失量非常少，氮、磷肥混施对非点源氮、磷素的淋失都有影响，其中过量磷肥配合尿素施用可以增加土壤中NH4^＋-N、NO3^- -N、TN的淋失程度。     

An incidence of skeletal fluorosis associated with groundwaters of the maritime carboniferous basin,Gaspé region,Quebec, Canada

Consumption of unusually high concentrations of F^– in groundwaters of the Maria area in the Gaspé peninsula of Quebec have resulted in symptoms of skeletal fluorosis in two members of the population. One of these individuals consumed approximately 50 mg of fluoride per day over a 6 year period before being hospitalized and later diagnosed with skeletal fluorosis. It is estimated that, until this case came to light, approximately 15–20% of the rural population (total approximately 1,600) in the area were consuming groundwaters with F^– levels between 5 and 28 mg L^–1 for at least 6 years. The high concentrations of F^– in well waters of the Maria area occur only in wells completed in Carboniferous sandstone-siltstone-conglomerate sediments that underlie a thick blanket of alluvial-colluvial-glacial overburden. These fluoriferous groundwaters exhibit high Na and HCO₃ ^– contents and low Ca and Mg concentrations compared to those associated with the overburden sediments. The high F levels greatly increase the risk for fluorotic diseases such as skeletal fluorosis and skeletal radiculomyopathy. Wells completed in overburden, although having suboptimal F^– levels are safer for the health of individuals in this region. Effective regulations for well drilling need to be formulated for regions underlain by Carboniferous formations in the Maritime provinces of Canada. In some regions, high F^– levels (10–25 mg L^–1) in groundwaters will seriously affect how, and to what extent, groundwater supplies can be developed for domestic use.To whom correspondence should be addressed.     

南极菲尔德斯半岛植被微区CO2浓度的监测

在南极苔藓植被的微环境区内 ,CO2 的浓度在 4 73 5mg·m- 3以上 ,大大高于全球CO2 的平均浓度 (3 56mg·m- 3) ,可见苔藓等植被区可能是大气CO2 的源之一 .这与特殊的南极条件下植被的生理生态特性有关 .在苔藓分布区 ,CO2 浓度日变化的主要影响因素是光照和温度 .菲尔德斯半岛变化无常的天气状况使得CO2 浓度昼夜变化规律出现局部波动 ,不同的天气状况也使CO2 浓度发生变化 .研究表明 :光照条件是CO2 浓度变化的主导影响因素 ,从CO2 浓度的季节变化中可以看出 ,CO2 浓度变化与大气温度呈负相关 ;与降水量和空气相对湿度呈正相关 .本文首次给出了极地环境下植被微区的CO2 浓度变化及其影响因素 ,为极地温室气体的研究提供了新的材料     

山东半岛北部海岸带城乡聚落扩展变化特征与驱动力分析

改革开放以来,山东半岛北部海岸带地区经济发展迅速,城乡聚落扩展明显,快速城镇化过程对区域土地利用和生态环境产生了深刻影响,因此,及时掌握城乡聚落的时空分布和变化特征对于区域可持续发展具有重要意义。论文以RS技术为主要手段,目视解译获取了研究区1986、1992和2004年3个典型时期的城乡聚落空间分布信息,并以此为基础,借助城镇扩展指数、重心、分形维数等指标,定量分析了城乡聚落的扩展特征,进一步探讨了扩展变化的影响因素。结果表明,研究时段内,城乡聚落扩展明显,其重心表现出从东南向西北转移的态势,并且扩展随意性非常大。在此基础上,进一步探讨了地区GDP、人口城市化率和固定资产投资等社会经济因素对城乡聚落扩展的影响。     

雷州半岛典型区域土壤有机氯农药污染探查研究

在雷州半岛典型区域共采集了74个表层土壤和4个剖面土壤,对土壤中有机氯农药残留及分布状况进行了研究。结果表明:有机氯农药检出率为100%,其中∑HCH(六六六)和∑DDT(滴滴涕)质量分数范围分别在nd～65.93μg·kg-1和0.04～52.00μg·kg-1之间,同国内外同类报道相比处于较低水平;按土壤中有机氯农药17种成分质量分数所占的比重排序,前五名分别为P,P'-DDE、β-HCH、硫丹硫酸盐、硫丹Ⅱ、艾氏剂;按不同利用类型土壤中有机氯残留质量分数由大到小排序为菜地→水田→果园→甘蔗地;有机氯农药残留质量分数随土壤深度的增加呈下降趋势,耕层(0~20cm)的有机氯农药残留质量分数都高于底下层次。     

雷州半岛红树林资源及其效益

对雷州半岛红树林资源及其效益进行调查分析。初步查明，雷州半岛沿海自然环境优越，适宜红树林生长发育，红树林资源丰富；现有红树植物15科26种，面积12422．9hm^2，分别占全国的93．8％、83．9％和32％；该地区的红树林在抵御风浪灾害、生物多样性保护、淤积造陆、防治污染等方面的生态环境效益及社会经济效益十分显著。     

雷州半岛海涂资源的开发利用及其对策

雷州半岛是我国第三大半岛,海涂资源丰富,面积９９２万ｈａ,合理开发利用海涂资源是发展经济的重要途径。近年来海涂资源的开发利用取得了良好的经济效益,但存在许多问题,如缺乏统一管理、统一规划,开发项目不协调,利用率和利用水平较低,生态环境被破坏,海涂资源浪费严重等。本文提出的主要对策是完善管理体制,因地制宜,合理规划,突出重点项目,综合发展,增加资金和科技投入,提高利用水平,保护生态环境,协调发展     

A Gradient Study of 34 Elements in the Vicinity of a Copper-Nickel Smelter in the Kola Peninsula

Concentrations of 34 elements determined by ICP mass spectrometry were studied in surface soil and vegetation along a north–south gradient through the Pechenganickel smelter complex in Kola peninsula, northern Russia. Strong influence from the smelter was evident for Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu, mainly associated with dry deposition of large particles. Also for As, Se, Mo, Sb, Te, Bi, and Pb the smelter or associated sources appeared to be distinct contributors of contamination consisting presumably of smaller particles. Significant but less distinct effects leading to enhanced concentration levels were observed for P, S, V, Cr, Zn, and Tl. In the case of Mn, Rb, Sr, Cs, and Ba the concentrations in vegetation were generally lower near the source, which may be due to cation exchange with protons or heavy metal cations in the soil and subsequent leaching from the root zone. For Li, Be, B, Na, Mg, Al, Ca, Y, Cd, La, Th, and U no particular influence from the smelter complex was observed. Some characteristic differences observed in element concentrations in different plant species and between different years of Pinus sylvestris needles are discussed. The high concentrations observed for many trace elements in the humus horizon indicates that it acts as an active biogeochemical barrier against downward transport of these elements.     

南极菲尔德斯半岛植被土壤N2O排放特征

应用密闭箱法首次测定了南极菲尔德斯半岛苔藓、地衣植被土壤N2 O的排放通量 ,并估算了该半岛植被区土壤在夏季 2个月内N2 O的排放总量 .结果表明 :在晴天和雨天 ,苔藓土壤N2 O的排放通量与温度有较好的响应关系 ,呈现单峰型变化趋势 ;但在雪天 ,与温度的变化不一致 ;苔藓、地衣这 2种不同的植被土壤N2 O排放通量日变化基本一致 ;温度是影响苔藓土壤N2 O的排放通量季节变化的主要因子 ,同时还受降水的影响 ,干湿交替有利于N2 O的排放 ;苔藓土壤N2 O的排放总量为 3 .71 52kg ;地衣土壤N2 O的排放总量为 2 .53 4 4kg .由此可见 ,南极菲尔德斯半岛苔藓、地衣植被土壤N2 O排放量虽然很小 ,但仍起着大气N2 O源的作用