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1.
The concept of intrinsic value and transgenic animals 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
H. Verhoog 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》1992,5(2):147-160
The creation of transgenic animals by means of modern techniques of genetic manipulation is evaluated in the light of different interpretations of the concept of intrinsic value. The zoocentric interpretation, emphasizing the suffering of individual, sentient animals, is described as an extension of the anthropocentric interpretation. In a biocentric or ecocentric approach the concept of intrinsic value first of all denotes independence of humans and a non-instrumental relation to animals. In the zoocentric approach of Bernard Rollin, genetic engineering is seen as a morally neutral tool, as long as the animal does not suffer as a result of it. Robert Colwell who defends an ecocentric ethic, makes a sharp distinction between wild animals and domesticated animals. Genetic manipulation of wild species is a serious moral issue, in contrast to genetic manipulation of domesticated species which is no problem at all for Colwell. Both authors do not take the species-specific nature (or telos) of domesticated animals seriously. When domestication is seen as a process between the two poles of the wild animal and the human construct (which can be patented), the technique of genetic manipulation can only be seen as a further encroachment upon the intrinsic value of animals. At the level of molecular biology, the concept of an animal's telos loses its meaning. 相似文献
2.
Gulzar Kassam Andrew T. L. Chen Marshall F. Goldberg Suzanne Trusler Godfrey P. Oakley Jr. 《黑龙江环境通报》1984,4(3):213-216
Although prenatal genetic diagnosis can usually provide prospective parents with information as to whether their fetus is affected with certain genetic conditions, the presence of twins and the uncertainty about the phenotype of some chromosome variations pose a major dilemma and make genetic counselling very difficult. Here, a case report of an unusual chromosome aberration (pericentric inversion of chromosome no. 17) in a twin pregnancy which was originally suspected to be monoamniotic but later proved to have two sacs was presented. 相似文献
3.
利用空气质量资料、常规观测资料、NCEP1.0°×1.0°再分析资料,应用数理统计、天气学等方法对宿迁市3次突发性重污染天气进行对比分析.结果表明:①宿迁"突发"空气重污染时,AQI级别由前一日的一、二级至第2日转为五级以上,AQI值迅速上升.②3次空气重污染过程天气背景相似,高层为宽广平直的偏西气流,地面受高压控制,中低层风向和温度平流突然转变,且都有深厚的逆温层结;持续变化较小的气压梯度、较低风速、温度日较差及相对湿度的增大(150328过程(即2015年3月28日—4月1日污染过程)除外)为颗粒物浓度迅速增长提供了条件.③大气稳定度级别迅速变高和混合层高度迅速降低并维持,对污染物快速聚集有显著影响.④物理量诊断表明,污染发生前期上空为弱上升运动,随后迅速转为下沉运动,或气流下沉运动区域迅速扩大、升高,是空气质量迅速转差的重要动力因素.⑤内蒙古地区的沙尘远距离输送形成的污染,是造成150328过程与另外两次过程明显不同的主要原因. 相似文献
4.
人工林经营过程密度最优控制研究 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
在连续状态动态规划方法建立的人工林种群密度决策模型的基础上,首次提出应用遗传算法优化人工林林分经营过程的间伐时间和主伐时间的最优组合方案,并阐明其数学模型和具体方法。杉木人工林经营过程的密度最优控制方案优化实例表明,用遗传算法优化能收到良好效果。优化结果表明,杉木人工林经营过程中以间伐两次为最优,第一次在11~12年,第二次在15~18年,而主伐年龄以25年为最优。 相似文献
5.
H. Brandenburg MD W. De Koning M. G. J. Jahoda Th. Stijnen M. A. J. De Ridder E. S. Sachs J. W. Wladimiroff 《黑龙江环境通报》1992,12(12):1031-1035
One hundred and fifty-one women of advanced maternal age who underwent genetic termination of pregnancy (TOP) were studied for their reproductive behaviour and the type of procedure for prenatal diagnosis in a subsequent pregnancy. A total of 59 women (39 per cent) had a further pregnancy. In all continuing pregnancies prenatal diagnosis was performed, of which 75 per cent consisted of chorionic villus sampling (CVS). Reproductive behaviour following a genetic termination was negatively correlated with maternal age and parity. Both reproductive behaviour and the choice to undergo a diagnostic procedure in the next pregnancy were independent of the type of diagnostic procedure in the previous affected pregnancy. 相似文献
6.
The reproductive history of 45 couples at increased risk for neural tube defect (NTD) who came for genetic counselling in 1970 and 1971 were compared with a similar number counselled in 1975 and 1976, when prenatal diagnostic tests were freely offered. They were subsequently interviewed in their homes and had their reproductive history recorded to the end of 1973 and 1978 respectively. Nearly all had a previous child with an NTD and none of the women were pregnant at the time of counselling. The effect of prenatal diagnosis was to speed somewhat the decision about further pregnancies, but the number of couples deciding on no further children and on having further pregnancies were almost identical in the two groups. The average number of pregnancies was 2·8 per family, with only 1·2 surviving children. The pregnancy outcomes are discussed as are the reasons for not attempting further pregnancies in both groups, which included very high risk of recurrence, a surviving spina bifida child, inability to accept the tests or its implications. Ninety per cent of the second group had tests. Their reactions to the tests were favourable but all complained of the waiting time between amniocentesis and obtaining the results. They all would have tests again in any future pregnancy. The reason for women not having prenatal diagnostic tests included inability to accept termination. It is concluded that couples in South Wales decide either to have no more children or to have further pregnancies regardless of tests. but tests speed a decision and enable the women to enjoy the pregnancy after obtaining the results, and that an NTD greatly reduces the number of children per family. A termination for an NTD is much more acceptable to most than an NTD at term. The reasons for this are discussed. 相似文献
7.
David Jeffrey Gray D.O. Haynes B. Robinson James Malone Richard B. Thomson Jr 《黑龙江环境通报》1992,12(2):111-117
Infections in pregnancy with Ureaplasma urealyticum have been associated with a wide range of adverse outcomes, such as early abortion, stillbirth, prematurity, and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Causality has been difficult to demonstrate secondary to the high prevalence of asymptomatic lower genital tract (LGT) colonization and culture data from inaccessible or potentially contaminated sites. Between 1985 and 1989, 2461 second-trimester genetic amniocenteses were evaluated at the cytogenetics section of the Children's Hospital Medical Center of Akron. All were cultured for the genital mycoplasmas: Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum. A total of nine patients were positive, all for Ureaplasma urealyticum, with one patient excluded because of subsequent therapeutic abortion. In addition, complete follow-up data, such as indication for amniocentesis, serum alpha-fetoprotein levels, gestational age at parturition, and out- come of pregnancy, were available on 86 Ureaplasma-negative (U –) patients during an approximate 2-year span within the time-frame of the study. This was in part due to physician response to a questionnaire sent after amniocentesis. Of the eight positive cultures, 100 per cent were associated with an adverse outcome, defined as fetal loss or premature delivery. This was significant compared with the U–group (p<0.001) with a more than eight times greater risk of adverse outcome. Six (75 per cent) resulted in spontaneous miscarriage within 4 weeks of amniocentesis and at less than 21 weeks' gestation. Two (25 per cent) delivered prematurely, with one (12.5 per cent) neonatal death at 24+ weeks. Histological examination of all eight placentae and the seven fetuses revealed a 100 per cent incidence of chorioamnionitis and pneumonia, respectively. In addition, in four of the five cases (80 per cent), cultures were positive for Ureaplasma urealyticum in pure culture from either placenta, fetal lung, or both tissues. The remaining case (20 per cent) was negative for aerobes, anaerobes, and mycoplasmas. The study demonstrates a significant association and supports a causal relationship between isolation of Ureaplasma from mid-trimester amniotic fluid with fetal wastage and premature birth. 相似文献
8.
True microcephaly can be diagnosed at an early stage of gestation by serial measurements of fetal head growth as demonstrated by this case report in which the diagnosis of genetic microcephaly was made but termination refused. True microcephaly was evident at birth. 相似文献
9.
GA优化的湖泊富营养化评价的普适公式探讨 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在适当设定富营养化指标的“本底值”情况下,当指标值用于对应“本底值”的相对值表示时,可采用S型曲线描述湖泊富营养化的发展程度,公式中的参数可视为与指标特性无关,采用遗传算法对公式参数优化,得到对多项指标均适用的富营养化程度的指数公式,并提出用广义模糊对比因子赋权新方法计算富营养化综合指数。该评价方法物理意义明确,计算简单,使用方便,具有普适性、可比性和实用性。 相似文献
10.