Enhancement of UV and chromate mutagenesis by nickel ions in the Chinese hamster HGPRT Assay †

1. The HGPRT (Hypoxanthine‐Guanine‐Phospho‐Ribosyl‐Transferase) assay with Chinese Hamster V79 cells was used to measure the mutagenic effects of UV irradiation, potassium dichromate and nickel chloride. The agents were tested separately and in the combinations of UV plus nickel and dichromate plus nickel.

2. UV, Cr(VI) and Ni(II) were confirmed to be mutagenic in the V79 cell assay. The combination of UV(5J/m²) and Ni(II) (0.5 mM) caused a mutation rate 11.2 times above that corresponding to the sum of the individual mutation rates of these agents. The combined action of Cr(VI) (0.1 mM) and Ni(II) (0.5 mM) produced a mutation rate 2.8 fold above that corresponding to the sum of the individual rates of the separate agents.

3. The enhancing effect of nickel chloride on the mutagenicity of UV or Cr(VI) is interpreted by an interference of Ni(II) with the repair of DNA lesions.     

废气排放量灰色建模新法初探

在研究和指出灰色建模常规方法理论缺陷的基础上,结合某化工厂废气排放预测实践,初步探讨和提出了将原始动态数据序列经过线性或指数变换,采用黄金分割法选取背景值的直接建模方法。初步研究表明,该方法较灰色建模常规方法在改善序列随机性、提高预测精度等方面,具有较明显的优越性和合理性,拓宽了GM(1,1)模型在环境科学领域中的应用范围。      

薇甘菊浸提液对福寿螺主要器官组织损伤的扫描电镜观察

采用薇甘菊（Mikania micrantha H.B.K.）的乙酸乙酯浸提液对福寿螺（Pomacea canaliculata）进行浸杀,通过扫描电镜观察福寿螺头足部、外套膜及肝脏组织的损伤状况,探讨薇甘菊化感物质对福寿螺器官组织结构的影响。经过薇甘菊质量浓度为100mg·L^-1提取液浸杀2d后,福寿螺主要器官出现了明显的组织损伤。头足部肌肉组织出现明显的杂乱丝条状并有断裂,部分有侵蚀剥落,表现为较大的组织缺损;外套膜有大量的细胞被浸润,呈疏松不整齐的结构;肝脏表面粗糙,凹凸相间的皱褶形成起伏不平的组织,其间有深浅不一的裂痕,并有侵蚀孔状损伤。扫描电镜的观察结果可为探讨薇甘菊浸提液对福寿螺的毒杀机理提供一定的依据。     

黑道凶日研究

本文提出的优势期和优势值是灾害年内出现机会最多的日期和强度，其中优势期就是黑道凶日。统计表明，黑道凶日位于节气日和节气之间的黄金分割日及其附近，在时空分布上具有许多特点。     

Ontogeny of provisioning in two populations of wild golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia)

Provisioning weaned young is an important part of the cooperative rearing system of marmosets and tamarins (family: Callitrichidae). Juvenile callitrichids receive a substantial proportion of their diet from all adult group members, whereas juveniles of most other primate species only receive food from the mother infrequently via scrounging. We conducted a longitudinal study of provisioning to 21 young wild golden lion tamarins through their first year of life in two Brazilian reserves. Juveniles were predicted to experience higher provisioning rates at the site with mature forest (the presumed ancestral habitat) and in territories that contained a higher proportion of preferred habitat within the mature forest reserve. Key measures of provisioning did not differ substantially between habitat types. The rates at which juveniles begged for food were very similar across habitats, while the influence of habitat on the rates at which juveniles received food was small and varied across age groups. The most pronounced differences between the reserves were: adult resistance to food-transfer attempts was less frequent, food-offering calls before food transfer were more frequent, and the proportion of prey provisioned was higher in the reserve in which earlier successional-stage forest predominated. Within the mature forest reserve, begging success of young juveniles covaried positively with preferred habitat. Rather than overt caretaker–offspring conflict, an information–feedback loop between juveniles and adults appears to drive provisioning changes as juveniles mature. Direct measures of resource abundance are needed to help clarify the mechanisms by which forest successional stage influences provisioning.     

Patch dynamics based on Prisoner's Dilemma game: superiority of golden rule

There has been much literature on ecological model of Prisoner's Dilemma (PD) game. This game illustrates that cooperation can evolve in situations where individuals tend to look after themselves. In order to explain some behaviors of altruism in animal societies, the strategy All Cooperate (AC), often called the Golden Rule, is more appropriate than other strategies. However, very little is known about the superiority of AC. In the present article, we study patch dynamics based on non-iterated PD game, applying two different methods: island and lattice models. Each patch is assumed to be either vacant or composed of a population of AC or All Defect (AD), where AD means a selfish strategy. Both models exhibit a phase transition between a phase where both AC and AD survive, and a phase where AD is extinct. The latter phase means that AC beats AD completely. In the case of lattice model, the extinction of AD easily occurs and the abundance of AC takes a larger value, compared with the island model. Our models can be also extended to general iterated PD game; we describe the reason why AC can outperform any other strategy.     

Mate guarding and territorial aggression vary with breeding synchrony in golden whistlers (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pachycephala pectoralis</Emphasis>)

Male paternity assurance behaviour during the female fertile period has been widely documented amongst birds. In contrast, how sex-specific behavioural strategies vary with local breeding synchrony levels remains largely unknown. This is important because, in many species, intra-population patterns of extra-pair fertilisation rates, and hence cuckoldry risk, are known to vary with the number of simultaneously fertile females. Each sex may therefore differ in how they behave towards male conspecifics during different degrees of breeding synchrony. Here I provide evidence of such sex-specific differences in the golden whistler (Pachycephala pectoralis), a species in which within-pair paternity assurance is negatively associated with breeding synchrony. Via simulated territorial intrusions using decoy males, I show that males, but not females, increase levels of aggression to male intruders during periods of low synchrony, possibly because cuckoldry risk is greatest during this period. In addition, males appear to invest more effort into mate guarding after, but not before, territorial intrusions during this period. These inter-sexual differences may reflect conflicts in interest between the sexes, with females consistently showing interest in males during the fertile period regardless of synchrony levels and males investing more resources into expelling intruders when the risk of paternity loss is greatest. This study thus provides evidence that males may be able to detect variation in breeding synchrony and cuckoldry risk and adjust their paternity assurance behaviour accordingly.     

海岛旅游绿色发展生态补偿标准研究——以浙江舟山普陀旅游金三角为例

绿色发展是强调人与自然平等、人与自然和谐发展的新可持续发展观。海岛旅游绿色发展有利于保护旅游目的地的海洋生态系统与森林生态系统健康和减少旅游业对资源与环境的压力。运用海洋渔业生态标签制度(MFELS)、生态系统服务付费(PES)和市场替换法(MRM),对海岛旅游绿色发展生态补偿问题进行了研究,其中,旅游碳排放增量生态补偿(增汇或碳汇)主要依据是污染者付费原则、环境友好型海产品生态补偿主要依据是保护者得到补偿原则、生态系统服务付费主要依据是受益者付费原则;并以舟山普陀旅游金三角为案例地,以问卷调查和访谈调查获取的数据为基础,以2013年为评价基准年份,对海岛旅游绿色发展的生态补偿标准进行了评估。结果表明:海岛旅游绿色发展可获得6.53×108元的生态补偿资金,游客平均承担110.43元/人次的生态补偿标准。     

Lung retention and bioavailability of arsenic after single intratracheal administration of sodium arsenite,sodium arsenate,fly ash and copper smelter dust in the hamster

Arsenic is present in airborne particulate material released by coal-fired power plants and non-ferrous metal smelters. We have assessed whether the physico-chemical properties of arsenic in such particles play a role in its lung retention and uptake by the body. Female hamsters were given a single intratracheal instillation of fly ash or copper smelter dust suspensions (at doses of 50 or 100 g As kg^–1) or identical amounts of soluble tri- and pentavalent arsenic, in the presence or absence of an inert dust material (tungsten carbide). The concentration of the element was measured in a 24 hour urine sample collected on the 1st, 2nd and 6th day after treatment and arsenic remaining in lung tissue was determined at the end of the same time periods. Both lung retention and urinary As excretion indicate a prolonged contact of the lung tissue with particulate As in contrast to soluble As salts. In addition to the effect of solubility described here, more research is needed to determine the effect of particle size and lung loading on retention, as well as the potential differences in the lung inflammatory response using arsenic-rich particulates from various sources.     

Integrated Models of Fisheries Management and Policy

An overview of the structure and elements of integrated models aimed at studying fishery management policies using static and dynamic optimisation techniques is presented. Continuous and discrete time models are considered under both open-access and sole-owner settings. A variety of economic and biological processes that affect the fishery as a whole is examined. It turns out that overseeing important fish population characteristics such as metapopulation dynamics and multi-species interaction can lead to serious misrepresentation of the fishery and suboptimal controls. Adequate understanding of the economic conditions and considerations potentially affecting the fishermen is necessary to model their behaviour and address their concerns. Misrepresentation of these economic and biologic processes will have an impact on the success of management policies in attaining a sustainable fish population.