关于建立环境监理稽查制度的探讨

根据当前环境监理制度发展情况，分析了建立环境监理稽查制度的必要性，提出了完善环境监理稽查制度的对策     

贸易政策环境影响评价方法论初探

贸易政策对环境存在着正面或负面影响。初步定性判断,我国参与的各区域经济贸易合作将对我国环境产生一定影响。为此,本文在紧密跟踪参与WTO及其他环境与贸易谈判进程支持我国谈判的同时,创新性开展贸易政策环境影响方法初步探讨。研究表明:贸易政策环境影响评价制度是以外促内的重要环境管理手段,而研究编制我国贸易协定环境影响综合评价技术导则是我国目前环境影响评价领域急需解决的重要问题。为此建议,第一,我国应深入开展贸易政策环境影响评价理论与实践研究,为进一步实施贸易政策环境影响评价制度提供政策依据。第二,环保部门应该尽快研究编制我国自贸区环境影响评价技术导则,为推进政策环评提供技术准备,为修改《环评法》和政策环评作技术储备。第三,借助于自贸区环境部长级会议机制,进一步推进与各成员国之间经济贸易与环境保护领域的国际合作。第四,构建我国自己的绿色贸易保障体系,防止国外污染向我国转移,维护我国国际环境形象。     

Inherent conflicts at the coast

Because choice is conflict, decision-making is necessarily about conflict resolution. Choices are necessary because the options are mutually exclusive but the nature of this inherent conflict varies. Typically, these conflicts are multidimensional. In coasal zones, the complex interactions between systems makes decision-making particularly complex; in particular, environmental interests are themselves frequently in conflict. In making a choice, it is important to determine why that choice is necessary in the first place. There are further conflicts about the objectives to be satisfied by the decision process; between the determination of the best outcome and the best decision process. Social scientists centre upon the requirement for a fair decision process rather than upon seeking an optimum outcome. Unlike physical scientists who seek more and better information, social scientists focus upon the development and maintenance of institutions.     

Parameters affecting the stability of the digestate from a two-stage anaerobic process treating the organic fraction of municipal solid waste

This paper focused on the factors affecting the respiration rate of the digestate taken from a continuous anaerobic two-stage process treating the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW). The process involved a hydrolytic reactor (HR) that produced a leachate fed to a submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (SAMBR). It was found that a volatile solids (VS) removal in the range 40-75% and an operating temperature in the HR between 21 and 35 °C resulted in digestates with similar respiration rates, with all digestates requiring 17 days of aeration before satisfying the British Standard Institution stability threshold of 16 mg CO₂ g VS⁻¹ day⁻¹. Sanitization of the digestate at 65 °C for 7 days allowed a mature digestate to be obtained. At 4 g VS L⁻¹ d⁻¹ and Solid Retention Times (SRT) greater than 70 days, all the digestates emitted CO₂ at a rate lower than 25 mg CO₂ g VS⁻¹ d⁻¹ after 3 days of aeration, while at SRT lower than 20 days all the digestates displayed a respiration rate greater than 25 mg CO₂ g VS⁻¹ d⁻¹. The compliance criteria for Class I digestate set by the European Commission (EC) and British Standard Institution (BSI) could not be met because of nickel and chromium contamination, which was probably due to attrition of the stainless steel stirrer in the HR.     

Auditing International Environmental Agreements: The Role of Supreme Audit Institutions

Environmental problems are often transboundary in nature. International cooperation to solve them has resulted in a growing number of environmental agreements. Supreme Audit Institutions, which are the highest national audit institutions in a country and are responsible for auditing the regularity of governmental expenditure and receipts, can contribute to the success of international cooperation by auditing government compliance with international environmental obligations and commitments. This is a new challenge for supreme audit institutions. To encourage and support this work a Workgroup on Environmental Auditing of the International Organisation of Supreme Audit Institutions has developed guidelines, which are presented in this article. The possible practical role of audit institutions is illustrated by the audit on the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Ships, in which eight European audit institutions cooperated. This article is published in a personal capacity and does not necessarily reflect the views of the Netherlands Court of Audit.     

浅谈环境审计在环境管理体系中的功能定位研究

在新形势下,环境管理制度体系表现出在一定程度上的不适应性.首先,缺乏制度保障,以经济为主的考核机制弱化了政府的生态职能.其次,各项环保制度和工作独立性较强,衔接力度不足,有些地方出现重复管理的现象,必然增加了政府和企业的环境保护成本,没有达到整体监管的效果.环境审计作为一项新型环境管理制度在环境保护工作中作用突出,主要源于环境审计能够更全面、更高效、更系统的对环境资源管理和经营行为进行科学统计评估,是国家环境治理的重要工具.     

环保垂直管理制度改革中涉及的主要垂直管理模式

为推进省以下环保机构监测监察执法垂直管理制度改革,文章围绕《关于省以下环保机构监测监察执法垂直管理制度改革试点工作的指导意见》,厘清省以下环保机构监测监察执法垂直管理改革涉及到不同机构的不同垂直管理模式,对各地在改革试点中不逾越《意见》边界,在框架内做好不同环保机构和不同管理模式的制度设计,具有一定的指导意义。     

内蒙古电力输出生态补偿模式下排污权交易模型探讨

内蒙古作为我国北方重要的生态屏障,多年来大力保护草原生态,已经基本建立了良好的生态系统。然而,内蒙古同时承担着清洁能源输出基地的职能,锡盟煤电外送基地将在2020年建成。届时,集中的开发必然导致锡盟草原的生态问题,因此亟需针对特定地区开展生态补偿问题,本文通过制度及政策分析,在排污权交易角度,提出一条解决生态补偿资金问题的新途径。并进行了制度模型的优势分析。     

Coastal zone management from the social scientific perspective

‘Integration’ was one of the most frequently used words at the San Feliu Euroconference but the participants did not always use it in the same way. Integration is one of the key notions discussed in the subsequent papers bySalz, Green &; Penning-Rowsell, Köhn &; Gowdy andDavos. A short introduction to these papers is presented, where some of the views expressed by the authors are compared with related conceptions which can be found in social sciences literature.