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T. R. Pope 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2000,48(4):253-267
Evaluation of evolutionary mechanisms proposed to promote cooperative behavior depends on the relative influence of the behavior
on the reproductive success of individuals, the reproductive success of the group in which they interact behaviorally, and
the degree of gene correlation among cooperators. The genetic relationship within cooperative coalitions of female red howler
monkeys was examined for three populations with different densities and growth rates. Patterns of gene correlation change
within coalitions is documented using data from the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes, and long-term census monitoring. Differences
in fecundity and infant survivorship within and between groups of unrelated (rˉ=0) and related (rˉ≥ 0.25) females are compared. Females that emigrate from their natal groups form coalitions with other migrant females. These
coalitions attempt to establish a territory and, once successful in producing offspring, exclude other females from feeding
resources. Females in these coalitions had different mtDNA haplotypes and a genetically estimated mean r of 0, supporting demographic data on emigration patterns indicating that these females rarely have the opportunity to form
coalitions with kin. Patterns of recruitment and rate of matriline development within social groups supported behavioral data
indicating that females actively attempt to promote their own matriline as breeders over that of other females, and that some
matrilines are more successful at this than others. Mean r among females was significantly higher in coalitions established as social groups for several generations (rˉ=0.44). In these groups, females all shared the same mtDNA haplotype, and mtDNA haplotype divergence was significantly higher
between than within groups. Females in coalitions with kin had significantly higher reproductive success than females in unrelated
coalitions in all populations. This difference was not a function of coalition size, number of males, socionomic sex ratio,
or primiparity, although anecdotal evidence suggests that allomothering may compensate for inept new mothers in related coalitions
more often than in unrelated ones. Differences in territory quality could not be ruled out as a potential causal factor in
the saturated populations, but were unlikely in the low-density, growing population. There were substantial differences among
long-established coalitions in overall reproductive output in all three populations, and this was significantly correlated
with the number of breeding females. Increase in coalition size was a function of both group age and the behavioral tolerance
among females. Regardless of the underlying reasons for the patterns observed, reproductive success clearly increases with
degree of gene correlation among females within cooperative coalitions, and coalitions that recruit more daughters produce
more offspring. The nature of the cooperative relationship among group females directly influences both of these outcomes.
This is associated with substantial genetic differentiation among social groups within populations, creating conditions in
which genetic tendencies towards cooperative behavior can become tightly associated with group reproductive success.
Received: 15 September 1999 / Revised: 27 April 2000 / Accepted: 27 May 2000 相似文献
2.
Christine R. Maher 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2009,63(6):857-868
Solitary species show several patterns of space use and relatedness. Individuals may associate randomly or may live near female
or male kin, often as a result of natal philopatry or dispersal patterns. Although usually described as solitary or asocial,
woodchucks (Marmota monax) are behaviorally flexible marmots that exhibit greater sociality in some populations than others. I examined relationships
between kinship, geographic distance, and home range overlap, as well as dispersal and philopatry, to determine the extent
to which kin associated spatially. I used a combination of microsatellite DNA analysis, long-term behavioral observations,
and radiotelemetry to test predictions that females, but not males, would associate with kin. Indeed, woodchucks lived closer
and shared a greater proportion of their home range with more closely related animals. Overlap of females' and males' home
ranges was positively correlated with kinship, and male–female dyads shared more area with closer kin. Most juveniles delayed
dispersal beyond their first summer. Females often remained philopatric and settled near their natal range. Although males
often dispersed as yearlings, some males also established territories within or immediately adjacent to their natal home ranges.
A combination of factors can explain these spatial patterns, including high population density associated with the study site's
location within a suburban environment, high dispersal costs, and abundant food. Thus, despite their asocial and solitary
reputation, woodchucks displayed spatial patterns seen in other, more social species of ground-dwelling sciurids. 相似文献
3.
Luciana M. Möller Luciano B. Beheregaray Simon J. Allen Robert G. Harcourt 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2006,61(1):109-117
Kinship has been shown to be an important correlate of group membership and associations among many female mammals. In this study, we investigate association patterns in female Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) inhabiting an embayment in southeastern Australia. We combine the behavioral data with microsatellite DNA and mitochondrial DNA data to test the hypotheses that genetic relatedness and maternal kinship correlate with associations and social clusters. Mean association between females was not significantly different from a random mean, but the standard deviation was significantly higher than a random standard deviation, indicating the presence of nonrandom associates in the dataset. A neighbor-joining tree, based on the distance of associations between females, identified four main social clusters in the area. Mean genetic relatedness between pairs of frequent female associates was significantly higher than that between pairs of infrequent associates. There was also a significant correlation between mtDNA haplotype sharing and the degree of female association. However, the mean genetic relatedness of female pairs within and between social clusters and the proportion of female pairs with the same and different mtDNA haplotypes within and between clusters were not significantly different. This study demonstrates that kinship correlates with associations among female bottlenose dolphins, but that kinship relations are not necessarily a prerequisite for membership in social clusters. We hypothesize that different forces acting on female bottlenose dolphin sociality appear to promote the formation of flexible groups which include both kin and nonkin. 相似文献
4.
David B. McDonald 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2009,63(7):1029-1034
I use 10 years of data from a long-term study of lek-mating long-tailed manakins to relate the social network among males
to their spatial and genetic structure. Previously, I showed that the network connectivity of young males predicts their future
success. Here, I ask whether kinship might shape the organization of this “young-boy network”. Not surprisingly, males that
were more socially distant (linked by longer network paths) were affiliated with perch zones (lek arenas) that were further
apart. Relatedness (r) among males within the network decreased as social distance increased, as might be expected under kin selection. Nevertheless,
any role for indirect inclusive fitness benefits is refuted by the slightly negative mean relatedness among males at all social
distances within the network (overall mean r = −0.06). That is, relatedness ranged from slightly negative (−0.04) to more negative (−0.2). In contrast, relatedness in
dyads for which at least one of the males was outside the social network (involving at least one blood-sampled male not documented
to have interacted with other banded males) was slightly above the random expectation (mean r = 0.05). The slight variations around r = 0 among males of different categories likely reflect dispersal dynamics, rather than any influence of kinship on social
organization. Relatedness did not covary with the age difference between males. These results, together with previous results
for lack of relatedness between alpha and beta male partners, refute any role for kin selection in the evolution of cooperative
display in this lek-mating system.
This contribution is part of the special issue “Social Networks: new perspectives” (Guest Editors: J. Krause, D. Lusseau,
and R. James). 相似文献
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6.
Learning is generally predicted not to be important in host discrimination by parasitoids, because the stimuli involved are
less variable than those used in habitat location. However, Anaphes victus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), an egg parasitoid of Listronotus oregonensis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) apparently learns to associate external pheromones with the presence of a conspecific in a host.
In this species, females can reject a parasitized host either after antennal drumming (antennal rejection) or after the insertion
of their ovipositor (sting rejection). When they encountered a series of parasitized hosts, females A. victus learned to associate the presence of the external pheromone with the presence of the internal one. Learning lasted less than
4 h and occurred earlier in a series when the female marking the egg and the one detecting that mark were close relatives.
This behavior could be adaptive because antennal rejection is faster than sting rejection.
Received: 11 March 1997 / Accepted after revision: 30 August 1997 相似文献
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8.
Russell C. Van Horn Jason C. Buchan Jeanne Altmann Susan C. Alberts 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(12):1823-1837
Group living provides benefits to individuals while imposing costs on them. In species that live in permanent social groups,
group division provides the only opportunity for nondispersing individuals to change their group membership and improve their
benefit to cost ratio. We examined group choice by 81 adult female savannah baboons (Papio cynocephalus) during four fission events. We measured how each female’s group choice was affected by several factors: the presence of
her maternal kin, paternal kin, age peers, and close social partners, her average kinship to groupmates, and her potential
for improved dominance rank. Maternal kin, paternal kin, and close social partners influenced group choice by some females,
but the relative importance of these factors varied across fissions. Age peers other than paternal kin had no effect on group
choice, and average kinship to all groupmates had the same effect on group choice as did maternal kin alone. Most females
were subordinate to fewer females after fissions than before, but status improvement did not drive female group choice; females
often preferred to remain with social superiors who were their close maternal kin, rather than improving their own social
ranks. We suggest that during permanent group fissions, female baboons prefer to remain with close maternal kin if those are
abundant enough to influence their fitness; if they have too few close maternal kin then females prefer to remain with close
paternal kin, and social bonds with nonkin might also become influential.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
9.
M. B. McEachern John M. Eadie Dirk H. Van Vuren 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(9):1459-1469
We used DNA microsatellites to investigate temporal and spatial patterns of local genetic differentiation and relatedness
in a solitary mammal, the dusky-footed woodrat (Neotoma fuscipes). Patterns of genetic variation were measured relative to spatial clusters, or neighborhoods, of woodrats. We detected significant genetic differentiation among woodrat neighborhoods in two populations spanning multiple
habitat types and densities. Estimates of θ
ST
among neighborhoods ranged 0.034–0.075 and were comparable to levels reported in social mammals. Genetic differentiation
at such a local scale is noteworthy because it occurred in the absence of any physical barriers to gene flow, suggesting that
the patterns observed are linked to the nonrandom patterns of mating and dispersal that characterize woodrat social structure.
Genetic differentiation and relatedness among neighborhoods were even higher when only resident females were analyzed. These
results are consistent with a pattern of female philopatry and male-biased dispersal in woodrats. Geographic distance and
relatedness were inversely correlated in adult females at intermediate densities, but not at low densities. Nonetheless, matrilineal
genetic structure was apparent even at low woodrat densities based on estimates of θ
ST
among neighborhoods of resident females that were significantly greater than zero and consistently greater than estimates
including all individuals. In summary, this study demonstrates a matrilineal genetic structure in dusky-footed woodrats. In
addition, our results support the idea that intermediate densities may be better at facilitating the formation of spatial
kin clusters than either extreme.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
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