ACUTE TOXICITY OF PICRIC ACID AND PICRAMIC ACID TO RAINBOW TROUT,SALMO GAIRDNERI,AND AMERICAN OYSTER,CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA1

ABSTRACT Picric acid (2,4,6-trinitrophenol) and picramic acid (2-amino-4,6-dinitrophenol) are potential water pollutents due to a variety of industrial and munition uses. The possible impacts of picric and picramic acid to two recreationally and commercially important species, rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, and American oysters, Crassostrea virginica, were evaluated. Picramic acid was more toxic than picric acid to both species tested. The 96-h LC50s for picric and picramic acids for rainbow trout were 109.6 and 46.2 mg/1, respectively. The 144-h LC50s for picric and picramic acid for American oysters were 254.9 and 69.8 mg/1, respectively. Sublethal no growth EC50s and shell deposition EC50s for oysters showed that both compounds caused adverse effects at much lower concentrations than indicated by the LC50s. For example, the 144-h shell deposition EC50s were 27.9 mg/1 for picric acid and 5.6 mg/1 for picramic acid. Sediment adsorbtion studies in estuarine water indicated that both compounds are not readily adsorbed which suggests that sediment would not play a major role as a sink in contaminated systems. Oysters, which filter large quantities of particulate matter, would more likely be affected by picric and picramic acids in the water column than by exposure to contaminated sediment.     

海滨锦葵种植系统的植物多样性分析

采用典型样方法对南通小洋口盐滩、连云港青口盐场和盐城金海农场海滨锦葵种植区(种植年限分别为1、2和5a)和非种植区(对照)进行实地调查,研究海滨锦葵种植系统的植物多样性.结果表明:(1)3地海滨锦葵种植区植物种类分别为10、7和9种,明显高于对照区,对照区植物种类主要为碱蓬和芦苇,植被类型单一.(2)3地种植区海滨锦葵重要值都在0.6以上.金海农场种植区碱蓬、芦苇和紫菀重要值分别达到0.225、0.272和0.199,小洋口种植区一年蓬和狗尾草重要值分别为0.228和0.241,青口盐场种植区碱蓬和田菁重要值分别为0.433和0.332,3地对照区优势种均为碱蓬和芦苇,2个物种重要值之和均在0.6以上.(3)3地海滨锦葵种植区与对照区之间植物鲜质量无显著差异,金海农场和小洋口滩地种植区与对照区植物干质量差异显著(P＜0.05),表明对照区植物含水量较高.(4)3地海滨锦葵种植区Berger-Parker丰富度指数、Simpson多样性指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和均匀度指数均显著高于对照区(P＜0.05).上述结果表明在海滨锦葵种植模式下,本土植物可以与海滨锦葵良好共生,从而改善江苏省海滨盐土植物多样性.     

克隆整合提高了入侵植物空心莲子草对北美车前的竞争力

选取北美车前Plantago virginica L.为竞争背景草,以空心莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides（Mart.）Griseb.为研究对象,通过切断或保持其先端分株与后端分株间的匍匐茎连接,研究了克隆整合对先端分株生长以及竞争力的影响。结果显示：不管是否存在竞争,克隆整合显著提高了空心莲子草先端分株的生物量、总匍匐茎长度、叶片数目和分株数目,并降低了其对茎的生物量投资。此外,克隆整合显著提高了空心莲子草先端分株对北美车前的竞争力。种间竞争显著降低了空心莲子草的生长,但并没有显著影响其生物量分配。上述结果表明,克隆整合在一定程度上能够促进入侵克隆植物的生长和竞争力,从而可能潜在影响其入侵性。