大型植物过量生长型的富营养化湖泊--乌梁素海

由于营养物的增加和积累 ,水体的主要生物相应为浮游植物和大型水生植物 ,表现为浮游植物疯长(藻型 )和大型水生植物的过量生长 (草型 )。草藻混合型应视为过渡型。草型富营养化湖泊多发生在浅水湖泊 (水深 <4m ) ,我国大部分湖泊水域均处在浅水区域 ,且湖泊水体营养物含量多数已大大超过富营养化控制警戒线。因此 ,在研究和控制湖泊富营养化问题时 ,更应高度重视草型富营养化湖泊。本文将以内蒙古乌梁素海为例 ,说明草型富营养化湖泊发展的危害和治理控制的重要性和必要性     

The Effect of Shoreline Recreational Angling Activities on Aquatic and Riparian Habitat Within an Urban Environment: Implications for Conservation and Management

There is growing concern that recreational shoreline angling activity may negatively impact littoral and riparian habitats independent of any direct or indirect influences of fish harvest or fishing mortality through mechanisms such as disturbance (e.g., trampling, erosion) and pollution (e.g., littering). We sampled a suite of aquatic and terrestrial variables (i.e., water quality, aquatic and terrestrial macrophytes, soil compaction, anthropogenic refuse) at 14 high shoreline angling-activity sites (identified by way of interviews with conservation officers and angling clubs) within an urban area (Ottawa, Canada). For each high angling-activity site, a nearby corresponding low angling-activity site was sampled for comparison. We found that the percentage of barren area and soil compaction were greater in areas of high angling activity compared with areas that experienced relatively low angling activity. In addition, terrestrial and aquatic macrophyte density, height, and diversity were lower at high angling-activity sites. Angling- and non-angling-related litter was present in large quantities at each of the high angling-activity sites, and comparatively little litter was found at low angling-activity sites. Collectively, these findings indicate that shoreline angling does alter the riparian environment, contributing to pollution and environmental degradation in areas of high angling intensity. With growing interest in providing urban angling opportunities and in response to increasing interest in developing protected areas and parks, a better understanding of the ecologic impacts of shoreline angling is necessary to address multiuser conflicts, to develop angler outreach and educational materials, and to optimize management of angling effort to maintain ecologic integrity of riparian and aquatic ecosystems.     

5种沉水植物对重金属富集能力的对比研究

为了探求不同的沉水植物对水体中重金属吸收富集能力的差异,采用原子吸收光谱法,对淮河支流东风渠水体及水体中常见的5种沉水植物:菹草、黑藻、龙须眼子菜、穗花狐尾藻及小茨藻进行了铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、锌(Zn)、铜(Cu)含量分析。结果表明:5种沉水植物样品中重金属含量远远高于水体重金属背景值,对重金属Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的富集系数为58~1 515,对Zn富集最强,最大富集量达到242.42 mg/kg,富集系数为1 515。不同的沉水植物对重金属的吸收富集优势存在明显差异,利用沉水植物来修复水体重金属污染时,须依据不同的污染元素来选择合适的沉水植物。     

杭州西湖水生高等植物的恢复与水生生态修复

在过去的50年，西湖一直被富营养化问题所困扰。迄今为止，采用了各种工程措施进行治理，耗资数亿，但收效不明显。为了进一步解决西湖富营养化问题，提出需要用生态方法去解决生态问题，通过生态学手段，恢复、重建高等水生植物带落，增加水生生物多样性，改善西湖水生生态系统的结构和功能，控制藻类来修复西湖水生生态系统。科学地选择先锋种类组合、消除草食性鱼类的影响、合理地控制水位是西湖水生植被恢复过程中的三个重要措施。     

Metal and metalloid removal in constructed wetlands, with emphasis on the importance of plants and standardized measurements: A review

This review integrates knowledge on the removal of metals and metalloids from contaminated waters in constructed wetlands and offers insight into future R&D priorities. Metal removal processes in wetlands are described. Based on 21 papers, the roles and impacts on efficiency of plants in constructed wetlands are discussed. The effects of plant ecotypes and class (monocots, dicots) and of system size on metal removal are addressed. Metal removal rates in wetlands depend on the type of element (Hg > Mn > Fe = Cd > Pb = Cr > Zn = Cu > Al > Ni > As), their ionic forms, substrate conditions, season, and plant species. Standardized procedures and data are lacking for efficiently comparing properties of plants and substrates. We propose a new index, the relative treatment efficiency index (RTEI), to quantify treatment impacts on metal removal in constructed wetlands. Further research is needed on key components, such as effects of differences in plant ecotypes and microbial communities, in order to enhance metal removal efficiency.     

菹草在太湖梅梁湾生存对策分析

对太湖梅梁湾及贡湖两个1000m^2湖滨带观测场为期1年的调查研究表明：梅梁湾观测场沉水植物仅有菹草1种;贡湖观测场沉水植物虽多达3种,但其中并没有菹草生长。分析可知：①梅梁湾观测场3面环山,为相对静水的环境,适合菹草生长。②菹草的生长季节避开了水体藻类水华暴发带来的生存压力。③菹草更能适应营养盐水平较高的底质。④贡湖观测场水面开阔,有利于波浪的发育,破坏了静水环境,不利于喜静水缓流的菹草的生长。     

5种植物沉床系统对富营养化水体修复效果研究

以狐尾藻、马来眼子菜、金鱼藻、伊乐藻和苦草5种沉水植物为试验材料,构建以沉水植物为核心的人工沉床,探讨富营养化水体中沉水植物的生长状况和沉水植物沉床系统对氮、磷和COD_(Mn)的净化效果。结果表明:5种沉水植物在富营养水体中生长良好,生物量明显增加,以金鱼藻生物量最大。5种沉水植物沉床系统对富营养化水体中的TP、TN和NH_4~+-N去除率较高,均值分别为70.16%、79.60%、79.82%,而对COD_(Mn)的去除率较低,平均为39.74%;其中金鱼藻沉床系统对富营养化水体中的TP、TN、氨氮、COD_(Mn)去除率均最高,分别为79.76%、85.23%、85.81%和46.16%。因此,金鱼藻沉床系统对富营养化水体修复效果最好,同时金鱼藻也是该沉床系统的优选植物。     

Response of community composition and biomass of submerged macrophytes to variation in underwater light, wind and trophic status in a large eutrophic shallow lake

Light climate is of key importance for the growth, community composition of submerged macrophytes in lakes and, they, in turn, are affected by lake depth and the degree of eutrophication. To test the relationships between submerged macrophyte presence and the ratio of Secchi disk depth (SDD) to water depth, i.e. SDD/depth, nutrients and wind, we conducted an extensive sampling campaign in a macrophyte-dominated area of the eastern region (n = 36) in 2016 in Lake Taihu, China, and combined the data gathered with results from extensive physico-chemical monitoring data from the entire lake. We confirmed that SDD/Depth is the primary factor controlling the community composition of macrophytes and showed that plant abundance increased with increasing SDD/Depth ratio (p < 0.01), but that only SDD/Depth > 0.4 ensured growth of submerged macrophytes. Total phosphorus and total nitrogen also influenced the growth and community composition of macrophytes (p < 0.01), while Chla was an indirectly affecting factor by reducing underwater light penetration. Wave height significantly influenced plant abundance (p < 0.01), whereas it had little effect on the biomass (p > 0.05). The key to restore the macrophyte beds in the lake is to reduce the nutrient loading. A decrease of the water level may contribute as well in the shallow bays but will not bring plants back in the main part of the lake. As the tolerance of shade and nutrients varied among the species studied, this should be taken into account in the restoration of lakes by addition of plants.     

Responses of decomposition rate and nutrient release of floating-leaved and submerged aquatic macrophytes to vertical locations in an urban lake (Nanhu Lake,China)

A leaf-bag field experiment was conducted to investigate the decomposition and release of nutrients from leaves of two aquatic macrophytes (floating-leaved Trapa bispinosa and submerged Vallisneria natans) deposited in the four vertical locations (i.e. air-water interface, AW; sediment-water interface, SW; buried at a depth of 10?cm, B10; buried at a depth of 20?cm, B20) of littoral zone in Nanhu Lake, China, for 60 days from July to August 2015. Leaf initial quality significantly influenced mass loss and nutrient release except TN (total nitrogen) remaining. Compared to V. natans, T. bispinosa leaves decomposed faster under the same treatments. The decomposition was greatly affected by both leaf chemical quality and the location of deposition. With the increasing depth of vertical locations, leaf biomass loss and nutrient release of both T. bispinosa and V. natans decreased. In addition, initial N:P ratio and cellulose were the major determinants for decomposition in AW and SW treatments while total phenol in B10 and B20. Our results suggest that the combined effect of leaf chemical quality and burial could mediate macrophyte mass loss and release of nutrients and carbon, which in turn can influence organic matter accumulation and nutrient cycling in shallow freshwater lakes.     

Influence of vegetation on the removal of heavy metals and nutrients in a constructed wetland

A free water surface wetland was built to treat wastewater containing metals (Cr, Ni, Zn) and nutrients from a tool factory in Argentina. Water, sediment and macrophytes were sampled in the inlet and outlet area of the constructed wetland during three years. Three successive phases of vegetation dominance were developed and three different patterns of contaminant retention were observed. During the Eichhornia crassipes dominance, contaminants were retained in the macrophyte biomass; during the E. crassipes+Typha domingensis stage, contaminants were retained in the sediment and in the T. domingensis dominance stage, contaminants were retained in sediment and in the macrophyte biomass. Removal efficiency was not significantly different among the three vegetation stages, except for NH(4)(+) and i-P(diss). Because of its highest tolerance, T. domingensis is the best choice to treat wastewater of high pH and conductivity with heavy metals, a common result from many industrial processes.