Plant communities in the zone of gas field development and heavy metal accumulation by them

Heavy metal accumulation by plant communities has been studied in different zones of impact of gas field development. The contents of heavy metals in different blocks of plant communities has proved to depend not only on the location of phytocenosis but also on its species composition. Communities dominated by species of the family Poaceae contain smaller amounts of heavy metals than those dominated by species of the family Asteraceae, especially of the genus Artemisia. The order of precedence in the accumulation of heavy metals in different blocks of plant communities has been revealed.     

砷、汞对植物毒性影响及其迁移富集效应探讨

介绍了自然环境中砷、汞的污染来源与污染现状,探讨了砷、汞对植物生长发育、光合作用和抗氧化能力的影响;为了缓解砷、汞对植物的毒害作用,可以添加新一代植物激素、营养元素和改良剂。分析发现,植物对不同浓度砷和汞的敏感程度并不相同,可利用特定植物的富集作用进行环境修复。当前研究主要集中于植物对砷、汞的吸收和转运生理机制,今后还需要加强对超积累植物分子基础的探索。     

Mercury levels in human population from a mining district in Western Colombia

A biomonitoring study was carried out to examine the adverse impacts of total mercury in the blood(HgB), urine(Hg U) and human scalp hair(HgH) on the residents of a mining district in Colombia. Representative biological samples(scalp hair, urine and blood) were collected from volunteered participants(n = 63) to estimate the exposure levels of THg using a Direct mercury analyzer. The geometric mean of THg concentrations in the hair,urine and blood of males were 15.98 μg/g, 23.89 μg/L and 11.29 μg/L respectively, whereas the females presented values of 8.55 μg/g, 5.37 μg/L and 8.80 μg/L. Chronic urinary Hg(HgU)levels observed in male workers(32.53 μg/L) are attributed to their long termed exposures to inorganic and metallic mercury from gold panning activities. On an average, the levels of THg are increasing from blood(10.05 μg/L) to hair(12.27 μg/g) to urine(14.63 μg/L).Significant positive correlation was found between hair and blood urinary levels in both male and female individuals. Thus the present biomonitoring investigation to evaluate the Hg levels and associated health issues would positively form a framework for further developmental plans and policies in building an ecofriendly ecosystem.     

Suspended particulate mercury associated with tidal fluxes in a lagoon environment impacted by cinnabar mining activity (northern Adriatic Sea)

The Isonzo River has been demonstrated to be a continuing point source of mercury(Hg)in the Gulf of Trieste although the Idrija mine was last active in 1996. The present study aims to investigate the role of the suspended particulate matter(SPM) associated with tidal fluxes to disperse particulate Hg(PHg) into the Grado coastal lagoon system. PHg concentrations(avg. 3.11 ± 2.62 μg/g, d.w.), notwithstanding the ebb or flood tides, were significantly higher than the local sediment background(0.13 μg/g). The relative affinity of Hg for the particulate phase in surface waters was confirmed by higher average distribution coefficient(Kd) values(5.6–6.7). PHg contents showed the highest values in ebb tide conditions, thus suggesting their origin from the erosion of tidal flats and saltmarshes of the lagoon. When compared to river discharge, high PHg surface concentrations in flood tide are related to rainfall events occurring within the river basin. Results can be used to make an indicative assessment of the amount of Hg bound to SPM which is transported in and out of the lagoon basin following the action of tidal fluxes. A simple estimation provides a negative budget for the Grado lagoon sub-basin which loses between 0.14 and 1.16 kg of PHg during a tidal semi-cycle. This conclusion is in agreement with the evidence of morphological deterioration which has emerged from recent studies on the lagoon environment, and which testifies to a current sedimentary loss from the lagoon into the northern Adriatic Sea.     

碎米荠对硒、镉超富集特性研究

超富集植物在营养元素生物强化及重金属污染植物修复技术领域有重大应用前景。通过野外调查和栽培实验,研究了碎米荠植物对硒镉的吸收富集特征。研究表明:野生碎米荠中Se含量达数百mg/kg,叶片中Se最高含量为1 365 mg/kg。地上部Se的生物富集系数在2.8~43.8的范围内,大部分超过10;生物转移系数在0.46~1.88之间,大部分大于1。地上部Cd含量都超过了100 mg/kg,叶中的Cd含量大部分在400~800 mg/kg之间。富集系数都大于1,且农田及小溪流域植株地上部Cd的生物富集系数高达几十甚至上百,Cd的生物转移系数大部分超过1。露天栽培条件下,碎米荠中的硒镉含量随盆栽土壤中硒镉浓度的上升呈现出先增加后降低的特征,当Se含量为50 mg/kg时植物中的Se含量最高,此时地上部Se含量为995 mg/kg,地下部Se含量1 100 mg/kg。当Cd浓度为80 mg/kg时,植株当中Cd含量最高,地上部和地下部中的Cd含量分别高达550 mg/kg、337 mg/kg。研究认为湖北渔塘坝发育的碎米荠植物是硒镉多元素超富集植物,在硒镉生态环境污染修复方面具有重大应用前景。     

An Evaluation of Selenium Concentrations in Water, Sediment, Invertebrates, and Fish from the Republican River Basin: 1997–1999

The Republican River Basin of Colorado,Nebraska, and Kansas lies in a valley which contains PierreShale as part of its geological substrata. Selenium is anindigenous constituent in the shale and is readily leached intosurrounding groundwater. The Basin is heavily irrigated throughthe pumping of groundwater, some of which is selenium-contaminated, onto fields in agricultural production. Water,sediment, benthic invertebrates, and/or fish were collected from46 sites in the Basin and were analyzed for selenium to determinethe potential for food-chain bioaccumulation, dietary toxicity,and reproductive effects of selenium in biota. Resultingselenium concentrations were compared to published guidelines orbiological effects thresholds. Water from 38% of the sites (n = 18) contained selenium concentrations exceeding 5 g L^-1, which is reported to be a high hazard for selenium accumulation into the planktonic food chain. An additional 12 sites (26% of the sites) contained selenium in water between 3–5 g L^-1, constituting a moderate hazard. Selenium concentrations in sedimentindicated little to no hazard for selenium accumulation fromsediments into the benthic food chain. Ninety-five percent ofbenthic invertebrates collected exhibited selenium concentrationsexceeding 3 g g^-1, a level reported as potentially lethal to fish and birds that consume them. Seventy-five percent of fish collected in 1997, 90% in 1998, and 64% in 1999 exceeded 4 g g^-1selenium, indicating a high potential for toxicity andreproductive effects. However, examination of weight profilesof various species of collected individual fish suggestedsuccessful recruitment in spite of selenium concentrations thatexceeded published biological effects thresholds for health andreproductive success. This finding suggested that universalapplication of published guidelines for selenium may beinappropriate or at least may need refinement for systems similarto the Republican River Basin. Additional research is needed todetermine the true impact of selenium on fish and wildliferesources in the Basin.     

黄河宁夏段80年代汞污染对经济鱼类的影响及变化趋势

80年代初和80年代末对黄河宁夏段的经济鱼类的含汞水平进行了监测,结果表明:这段河道的汞污染对经济鱼类的影响起来越严重,超标率由32％～38％发展到100％,1988年鲶鱼含汞达2.47mg/kg,超标7.2倍.     

monitoring bioaccumulation of contaminants in the belted kingfisher (ceryle alcyon)

The belted kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon), acommon piscivore in the eastern United States, hasbecome a common endpoint in ecological riskassessments (ERA) because of their high consumptionof potentially contaminated aquatic prey. Whilebioaccumulation data and biosurveys may be used tosupport conclusions of ERAs for kingfishers, thereare currently no published data on contaminantconcentrations in kingfishers. Additionally,methods available for collecting biological samples(e.g., feathers, eggs, food debris, etc.) fromkingfisher burrows can be detrimental to thereproductive success of the birds. We present amethod for obtaining samples from burrows during orfollowing the nesting season. The method wasapplied to kingfisher burrows on the Oak RidgeReservation (ORR) in eastern Tennessee. Feathers,eggshells, and nestlings were collected from burrows and analyzed. In addition, carcasses ofthree adult kingfishers found dead on the ORR wereanalyzed. Metals and radionuclides were accumulatedby both juvenile and adult birds. Body burdens ofcadmium, lead, and cesium-137 in adult birds were belowlevels associated with toxicity. Concentrations of selenium and mercury were observed at potentiallytoxic levels. Contaminants in eggshells andnestling feathers indicate exposure, however, thereis insufficient information to evaluate thetoxicological significance of this contamination.National Laboratory Oak Ridge National Laboratory is managed for the U.S. Department of Energy by Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corp. under contract DE-AC05-96OR22464     

汞的环境地球化学研究进展

介绍了目前对环境样品中总汞及其各形态未的分析方法以及大气和水生生态系统中汞的研究进展，并指出，燃煤、汞齐法采金和人造水库等引起的环境汞污染问题以及汞在热带地区水生生态系统中的迁移转化规律等是目前的研究热点。     

海洋巨藻生物吸附剂对Hg~(2 )吸附性能的研究

就丰产廉价的海洋巨藻(Durvillaea Potatorum)所制的生物吸附剂对Hg2 的吸附性能进行了研究,该生物吸附剂经特殊的稳定化预处理而得。研究表明,该生物吸附剂的Hg2 吸附容量对溶液的pH值十分敏感,在pH=3时,最大吸附容量达到3.1mmol/g(干重),在溶液pH=0.4～5.0的范围内,Hg2 的吸附容量为0.49—3.1mmol/g(干重);溶液中的C1-能显著地降低生物吸附剂对Hg2 的吸附容量;其对Hg2 的去除率可达到99％以上。该生物吸附剂可以有效地去除工业废水中的Hg2 。