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1.
C. Clark K. F. Kelly N. Smith N. Fairweather T. Brown A. Johnston N. E. Haites 《黑龙江环境通报》1991,11(7):467-470
The polymerase chain reaction has been used to detect an abundant class of short repeat DNA families of the form (dC-dA)n.(dG-dT)n, known as microsatellites. These units are found throughout the human genome and have been characterized for several loci including APOC2 on chromosome 19ql2-ql3.2. The locus APOC2 is linked to the gene for dystrophia myotonica and a microsatellite within this locus was used to derive polymorphisms in a family to predict the inheritance of the disease. Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) was performed at 151/2 weeks' gestation. Following DNA extraction from the CVS material and parental blood samples, microsatellite analysis was carried out by the polymerase chain reaction. 相似文献
2.
Jay D. Evans 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1998,44(1):35-42
Most social groups have the potential for reproductive conflict among group members. Within insect societies, reproduction
can be divided among multiple fertile individuals, leading to potential conflicts between these individuals over the parentage
of sexual offspring. Colonies of the facultatively polygynous ant Myrmicatahoensis contain from one to several mated queens. In this species, female sexuals were produced almost exclusively by one queen.
The parentage of male sexuals was more complex. In accordance with predictions based on worker sex-allocation preferences,
male-producing colonies tended to have low levels of genetic relatedness (i.e., high queen numbers). Correspondingly, males
were often reared from the eggs of two or more queens in the nest. Further, over half of the males produced appeared to be
the progeny of fertile workers, not of queens. Overall investment ratios were substantially more male biased than those predicted
by genetic relatedness, suggesting hidden costs associated with the production of female sexuals. These costs are likely to
include local resource competition among females, most notably when these individuals are adopted by their maternal nest.
Received: 3 March 1998 / Accepted after revision: 20 June 1998 相似文献
3.
Jay D. Evans 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1996,39(4):275-284
In many polygynous ant species, established colonies adopt new queens secondarily. Conflicts over queen adoption might arise
between queens and workers of established colonies and the newly mated females seeking adoption into nests. Colony members
are predicted to base adoption decisions on their relatednesses to other participants, on competition between queens for colony
resources, and on the effects that adopted queens have on colony survivorship and productivity. To provide a better understanding
of queen-adoption dynamics in a facultatively polygynous ant, colonies of Myrmica tahoensis were observed in the field for 4 consecutive years and analyzed genetically using highly polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers.
The extreme rarity of newly founded colonies suggests that most newly mated queens that succeed do so by entering established
nests. Queens are closely related on average (rˉ = 0.58), although a sizable minority of queen pairs (29%) are not close relatives. An experiment involving transfers of queens
among nests showed that queens are often accepted by workers to which they are completely unrelated. Average queen numbers
estimated from nest excavations (harmonic mean = 1.4) are broadly similar to effective queen numbers inferred from the genetic
relatedness of colony members, suggesting that reproductive skew is low in this species. Queens appear to have reproductive
lifespans of only 1 or 2 years. As a result, queens transmit a substantial fraction of their genes posthumously (through the
reproduction of related nestmates), in comparison to direct and indirect reproduction while they are alive. Thus queens and
other colony members should often accept new queens when doing so will increase colony survivorship, in some cases even when
the adopted queens are not close relatives.
Received: 20 February 1996/Accepted after revision: 25 May 1996 相似文献
4.
I. Nishiumi Satoshi Yamagishi Hiromi Maekawa Chikashi Shimoda 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1996,39(4):211-217
In many polygynous animals, parents invest more heavily in individual sons than in daughters. However, it is unclear if these
differences in investment are a consequence of sex differences in the demand of offspring related to sexual size dimorphism
or a consequence of parental manipulation. Here, we report on parental food delivery frequency in relation to brood size and
brood sex ratio in a wild population of polygynous great reed warblers Acrocephalus arundinaceus. We used the polymorphic microsatellite loci on the Z chromosome to sex chicks. We found that paternal feeding frequency
(times/h per nest) increased not with brood size, but with the proportion of males in the brood, although the demand per nest
was more closely related to brood size than to brood sex ratio. Additionally, the increase in rate of paternal feeding frequency
in relation to the brood sex ratio was much higher than the increase in rate of nestling food demands. Maternal feeding frequency
was independent of both brood size and brood sex ratio. These results strongly suggest that fathers preferentially invest
in their sons. We propose that parents can afford sex-biased parental care in animals in which food provisioning is enough
for all offspring to survive.
Received: 22 January 1996/Accepted after revision: 30 June 1996 相似文献
5.
A molecular genetic analysis of social structure, dispersal, and interpack relationships of the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus ) 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Derek J. Girman M. G. L. Mills Eli Geffen Robert K. Wayne 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1997,40(3):187-198
The African wild dog is a highly social, pack-living predator of the African woodland and savannah. The archetypal wild dog
pack consists of a single dominant breeding pair, their offspring, and non-breeding adults who are either offspring or siblings
of one of the breeding pair. Non-breeding adults cooperate in hunting, provisioning and the protection of young. From these
observations follows the prediction that the genetic structure of wild dogs packs should resemble that of a multigenerational
family, with all same-sexed adults and offspring within a pack related as sibs or half-sibs. Additionally, a higher kinship
between females from neighboring packs should be evident if females tend to have small dispersal distances relative to males.
We test these predictions through analysis of mitochondrial DNA control region sequences and 14 microsatellite loci in nine
wild dog packs from Kruger National Park, Republic of South Africa. We show that as predicted, African wild dog packs generally
consist of an unrelated alpha male and female, subdominant close relatives, and offspring of the breeding pair. Sub-dominant
wild dogs occasionally reproduce but their offspring rarely survive to 1 year of age. Relatedness influences the timing and
location of dispersal events as dispersal events frequently coincide with a change in pack dominance hierarchy and dispersers
often move to areas with a high proportion of close relatives.
Received: 22 February 1996 / Accepted after revision: 16 November 1996 相似文献
6.
Two potential mechanisms for reducing the level of inbreeding, sex-biased dispersal and kin avoidance, were examined in the
Australian sleepy lizard, Tiliqua rugosa. The home range centres, and the genotypes at four polymorphic microsatellite DNA loci were determined for adult lizards
in a 70-ha study area near Mount Mary, South Australia. From estimates of genetic relatedness, females were as closely related
to other females as they were to males, both within the whole study area, and within home ranges. Similarly, males were as
closely related to other males as they were to females. This suggests that dispersal in the population is not sex-biased.
Sleepy lizards form monogamous pairs during the spring. Partners were less closely related to each other than to other potential
partners in the home range area. This suggests active choice of unrelated partners. The mechanism for recognising related
from unrelated individuals is unknown, but the behaviour could reduce inbreeding.
Received: 7 November 1998 / Accepted: 30 May 1999 相似文献
7.
Symbioses between dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium (commonly referred to as zooxanthellae) and scleractinian corals are an essential feature for the maintenance of coral reefs.
The fine-scale diversity and population structure of the zooxanthellae inhabiting the coral Pocillopora meandrina, a major reef building species in Polynesia, was examined. We used two polymorphic microsatellites to study seven populations
from the South Pacific, whose host structuring has been previously investigated. The symbionts of P. meandrina showed high levels of diversity, with more than one zooxanthella genotype being identified in most of the host individuals.
Genetic differentiation between symbiont populations was detected at a large scale (2,000 km) between the Tonga and the Society
Archipelagos. Within the Society Archipelago, the two most remote populations (Tahiti and Bora-Bora; 200 km apart) were only
weakly differentiated from each other. Statistical tests demonstrated that the symbiont genetic structure was not correlated
with that of its host, suggesting that dispersal of the symbionts, whether they are transported within a host larva or free
in the water, depends mainly on distance and water currents. In addition, the data suggests that hosts may acquire new symbionts
after maternal transmission, possibly following a disturbance event. Lastly, the weak differentiation between symbiont populations
of P. verrucosa and P. meandrina, both from Moorea, indicated that there was some host-symbiont fine-scale specificity detectable at the genetic resolution
offered by microsatellites. 相似文献
8.
Robin F. A. Moritz Per Kryger Gudrun Koeniger Nikolaus Koeniger Arnaud Estoup Salim Tingek 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1995,37(5):357-363
Workers of six colonies of the giant honeybee Apis dorsata from Sabah, Malaysia (five colonies) and Java (one colony) were genotyped using single locus DNA fingerprinting. The colonies from Sabah nested in colony aggregations of 5 and 28 nests respectively on two trees. Three DNA microsatellite loci (A14, A76, A88) with a total of 27 alleles provided sufficient genetic variability to classify the workers into distinct sub-families revealing the degree of polyandry of the queens. Queens mated on average with 30.17 ± 5.98 drones with a range from 19 to 53. The average effective number of matings per queen was 25.56 ± 11.63. In the total sample of 192 workers, 22 individuals were found that were not offspring of the colony's queen. Three of these were potentially drifted offspring workers from genotyped queens of colonies nesting on the same tree. 相似文献
9.
Gustavo R. Makert Robert J. Paxton Klaus Hartfelder 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2006,60(6):815-825
A honeybee queen normally mates with 10–20 drones, and reproductive conflicts may arise among a colony’s different worker patrilines, especially after a colony has lost its single queen and the workers commence egg laying. In this study, we employed microsatellite markers to study aspects of worker reproductive competition in two queenless Africanized honeybee colonies. First, we determined whether there was a bias among worker patrilines in their maternity of drones and, second, we asked whether this bias could be attributed to differences in the degree of ovary activation of workers. Third, we relate these behavioral and physiological factors to ontogenetic differences between workers with respect to ovariole number. Workers from each of three (colony A) and one (colony B) patrilineal genotypes represented less than 6% of the worker population, yet each produced at least 13% of the drones in a colony, and collectively they produced 73% of the drones. Workers representing these genotypes also had more developed follicles and a greater number of ovarioles per ovary. Across all workers, ovariole development and number were closely correlated. This suggests a strong effect of worker genotype on the development of the ovary already in the postembryonic stages and sets a precedent to adult fertility, so that “workers are not born equal”. We hypothesize a frequency-dependent or “rare patriline” advantage to queenless workers over the parentage of males and discuss the maintenance of genetic variance in the reproductive capacity of workers.Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material is available for this article at and is accessible for authorized users. 相似文献
10.
High rates of extra-pair young in the pair-living fat-tailed dwarf lemur, Cheirogaleus medius 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
J. Fietz H. Zischler C. Schwiegk J. Tomiuk K. H. Dausmann J. U. Ganzhorn 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2000,49(1):8-17
Cheirogaleids are one of the most primitive extant primate taxa in the world. Their lifestyle and mating system, therefore,
have been considered to be representative for social systems in primate ancestors. Accepted models of social evolution in
primates state that pair-bonding has evolved secondarily from diurnal group-living taxa and should therefore be constrained
primarily to diurnal species. In contrast to these assumptions, the nocturnal fat-tailed dwarf lemur (Cheirogaleus medius) lives in permanent pairs, with obligate paternal care probably representing the evolutionary basis of pair-living. In this
sociobiological field study, we analyzed the reproduction strategy of C. medius in the tropical forest of western Madagascar. In the rainy seasons from 1995 to 1999, 173 individuals of C. medius were captured and individually marked and 131 were genetically characterized through seven microsatellite loci. Additionally,
36 of these individuals were radio-tracked and observed. For 53 genotyped individuals, including 16 offspring, information
about pair-bonding and family structure was known from field observations. Genetic analyses revealed that yearlings and infants
living with an adult pair were in all cases sibs of the social mother. However, C. medius does not restrain from extra-pair copulations (EPCs) and a high rate of extra-pair paternity (44%) was detected. Males sired
offspring with their female partners as well as with extra-pair females within the same year, indicating that males may increase
their reproductive success by EPCs without necessarily running the risk of cuckoldry. Females on the other hand do not seem
to run the risk of reduced paternal care, either because males cannot detect relatedness of young, or because they might even
increase their inclusive fitness by raising offspring of closely related males. Since females reproduce preferentially with
territory holders and no paternity could be assigned to floating males, superior genetic quality of the males might be crucial
for female choice.
Received: 12 January 2000 / Revised: 15 August 2000 / Accepted: 26 August 2000 相似文献