Nest association in fishes: evidence for mutualism

Nest association, or the habit of spawning in the nest of another species, is a widespread reproductive strategy among North American fishes, especially minnows. The hosts of nest associates include sunfishes and nest-building minnows. Previous experiments demonstrated that nest associates benefited from the parental care of hosts. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of nest associates on hosts, and thereby characterize the relationship as parasitic, mutualistic or commensal. Since hosts with associates had higher reproductive success than those without associates in this experiment, I characterize nest association as a mutualistic relationship, at least in some systems. The dilution effect is the proposed mechanism responsible for the higher reproductive success of hosts with associates.     

Testes mass and reproductive mode of minnows

Most comparative analyses of relative testes mass find that testes are larger in species in which more sperm competition is predicted (multiple males mate with individual females). I tested for differences in adjusted testes mass (for body mass) by spawning mode and by sexual size dimorphism in a comparative analysis of 37 minnow species. No significant differences were found for testes mass by spawning mode or sexual size dimorphism. These results imply a lack of response to selection on testes size from sperm competition in minnow species. Possible explanations for the lack of the expected relationship between testes mass and mating systems in minnows are presented. Received: 8 November 1999 / Received in revised form: 27 January 2000 / Accepted: 13 February 2000