草地退化对三江源区高寒草甸生态系统CO2通量的影响及其原因

为了揭示草地退化对三江源地区高寒草甸生态系统碳通量的影响,利用涡度相关技术,于2006年12月1日~2007年11月30日对三江源地区的退化高寒草甸生态系统的碳通量及生物和环境因子进行观测.结果发现:草地退化对高寒草甸生态系统的碳通量产生了深刻影响,与未退化的高寒草甸生态系统相比,退化高寒草甸生态系统全年总初级生产力(GPP)下降了36.6%,全年生态系统呼吸(Reco)下降了7.9%,全年净生态系统CO2交换(NEE)也由退化前的负值(碳吸收)转变为正值(碳排放),二者相差132.5gC/(m2·a),生态系统由原来的碳汇转变为目前的碳源.这些变化与高寒草甸退化后,生态系统植物地上生物量锐减、植物生长期缩短(NEE<0的天数)、植物多样性下降、土壤含水量降低等因素密切相关.     

内蒙古河套灌区春小麦苗期生态系统CO2通量变化研究

在内蒙古河套灌区用连续自动采样箱的方法对不同施肥方式下的春小麦生态系统CO2净交换(NEE)进行观测,发现苗期(出苗-拔节期)春小麦生态系统主要是一个CO2净交换逐渐增大,固定碳逐渐增加的过程.在速效肥条件下,春小麦生态系统苗期CO2净交换的变化为-390.20～901.25 mg·m-2·d-1,日呼吸量在-800.35～-5865.22 mg·m-2·d-1;缓释肥负荷下CO2净交换变化为-206.00～1258.36 mg·m-2·d-1,日呼吸量在-407.02～-4986.52mg·m-2·d-1."-"表示从生态系统中丢失碳.从CO2净交换中减去生态系统的呼吸速率就得到植物的光合速率.采取缓释的施肥方式可以减少苗期CO2释放.此外,用气象因子包括瞬时光合有效辐射(PAR)、空气温度和土壤温度等对光合速率和呼吸速率构建简单的模型去模拟CO2通量的变化速率.结果表明,PAR与大气温度和10cm土壤温度分别是制约苗期春小麦生态系统呼吸和光合速率的主要因素.     

氮输入对沼泽湿地碳平衡的影响

以小叶章沼泽化草甸为对象,利用静态箱-气相色谱法,在三江平原进行野外原位试验,研究氮输入对沼泽湿地碳平衡及其各分量的影响.氮素输入后,沼泽湿地生态系统总初级生产力提高,生物量增大,分别比对照处理增加了10%和26.8%.同时,CH₄和生态系统呼吸CO₂排放量提高,而生态系统CO₂净交换(NEE)和净碳(CO₂和CH₄都转化成对应的碳)交换降低,CO₂、CH₄和NEE的季节变化动态未改变.2004年整个生长季氮输入处理的CO₂和CH₄排放量分别比对照处理升高了34%和145%,NEE和净碳交换分别降低了70%和81.6%,但整个生长季2个处理仍然表现为碳的净吸收.氮输入没有改变沼泽湿地碳“汇”的功能,只是减弱了其作为碳“汇”的功能.     

PIXGRO: A model for simulating the ecosystem CO2 exchange and growth of spring barley

A model, PIXGRO, developed by coupling a canopy flux sub-model (PROXEL_NEE; PROcess-based piXEL Net Ecosystem CO₂ Exchange) to a vegetation structure submodel (CGRO), for simulating both net ecosystem CO₂ exchange (NEE) and growth of spring barley is described. PIXGRO is an extension of the stand-level CO₂ and H₂O-flux model PROXEL_NEE, that simulates the NEE on a process basis, but goes further to include the dry matter production, partitioning, and crop development for spring barley. Dry matter partitioned to the leaf was converted to leaf area index (LAI) using relationships for the specific leaf area (SLA). The canopy flux component, PROXEL_NEE was calibrated using information from the literature on C3 plants and was tested using CO₂ flux data from an eddy-covariance (EC) method in Finland with long-term observations. The growth component (CGRO) was calibrated using data from the literature on spring barley as well as data from the Finland site. It was then validated against field data from two sites in Germany and partly via the use of MODIS remotely sensed LAI from the Finland site.Both the diurnal and the seasonal patterns of gross CO₂ uptake were very well simulated (R² = 0.92). A slight seasonal bias may be attributed to leaf ageing. Crop growth was also well simulated; simulated dry matter agreed with field observed data from Germany (R² = 0.90). For LAI, the agreement between the simulated and observed was good (R² = 0.80), giving an indication that functions describing the conversion of fixed CO₂ to dry matter and the subsequent partitioning leaf dry matter and LAI simulation were robust and provided reliable estimates.The MODIS LAI at a resolution of 1000 m agreed poorly (R² = 0.45) with the PIXGRO simulated LAI and the observed LAI at the Finland site in 2001. We attributed this to the coarse resolution of the image and/or the small size of the barley field (about 17 ha or 0.25 km²) at the Finland site. By deriving a regression relation between the observed LAI and NDVI from a higher resolution MODIS (500 m resolution), the MODIS-recalculated LAI agreed better with the PIXGRO-simulated LAI (R² = 0.86).PIXGRO provides a prototype model bridging the disciplines of plant physiology, crop modeling and remote sensing, for use in a spatial context in evaluating carbon balances and plant growth at stand level, landscape, regional, and with some care, continental scales. Since almost 50% of the European land surface is covered by crops, such a model is needed for the dynamic estimation of LAI and NEE of croplands.     

不同退化程度羊草草原碳收支对模拟氮沉降变化的响应

2009~2010年,选择内蒙古温带典型草原区2个不同退化程度羊草群落为研究对象,利用小区模拟控制试验,设置0g·(m2·a)-1(CK)、10 g·(m2·a)-1(MN)这2个氮处理水平,模拟研究了大气氮沉降水平变化对植物净初级生产力(NPP),土壤呼吸(Rs)以及整个群落碳收支(NEE)的定量影响,比较了不同退化程度草地群落NEE对等量氮添加的响应差异.结果表明,对于轻度退化羊草草原(样地A),MN处理生长季平均地上生物量(AGB)两年分别比CK增加21.5%及46.8%,而对于中度退化羊草草原(样地B),氮添加在2009年降低了植物AGB及地上NPP(ANPP),在2010年则表现为正效应;两年氮添加均增加了样地A与样地B的根系生物量(BGB)以及样地B的地下NPP(BNPP),但降低了2010年样地A的BNPP;氮输入增加并未明显改变Rs的时间变化规律.与CK处理相比,样地A的MN处理两年土壤微生物呼吸年累积通量较CK分别增加了14.6%与25.7%,而样地B则分别降低了10.4%与11.3%;样地A与样地B两年均表现为大气的碳汇,碳汇强度(以碳计)分别为59.22 g·(m2·a)-1与166.68 g·(m2·a)-1以及83.27 g·(m2·a)-1与117.47 g·(m2·a)-1.相对于CK,样地A两年碳汇增加量分别为15.79 g·(m2·a)-1与82.94 g·(m2·a)-1,样地B分别为74.54 g·(m2·a)-1与101.23 g·(m2·a)-1,单位氮输入量在初始氮水平低的草地群落能获得更大的增汇效应.     

Net ecosystem CO2 exchange over a larch forest in Hokkaido, Japan

Larch forests are distributed extensively in the east Eurasian continent and are expected to play a significant role in the terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycling process. In view of the fact that studies on carbon exchange for this important biome have been very limited, we have initiated a long-term flux observation in a larch forest ecosystem in Hokkaido in northern Japan since 2000. The net ecosystem CO₂ exchange (NEE) showed large seasonal and diurnal variation. Generally, the larch forest ecosystem released CO₂ in nighttime and assimilated CO₂ in daytime during the growing season from May to October. The ecosystem started to become a net carbon sink in May, reaching a maximum carbon uptake as high as 186 g C m⁻² month⁻¹ in June. With the yellowing, senescing and leaf fall, the ecosystem turned into a carbon source in November. During the non-growing season, the larch forest ecosystem became a net source of CO₂, releasing an average of 16.7 g C m⁻² month⁻¹. Overall, the ecosystem sequestered 141–240 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ in 2001. The NEE was significantly influenced by environmental factors. Respiration of the ecosystem, for example, was exponentially dependent on air temperature, while photosynthesis was related to the incident PAR in a manner consistent with the Michaelis–Menten model. Although the vapor pressure deficit (VPD) was scarcely higher than 15 hPa, the CO₂ uptake rate was also depressed when VPD surpassed 10 hPa.     

土壤呼吸、农田CO2排放及NEE的比较研究

在农田温室效应研究中存在着对土壤呼吸、农田CO2排放及NEE界定不明确、混淆概念的现象.利用箱法在一年两熟及一年一熟区对三者进行了原位测定,结果表明,一年两熟区冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)拔节孕穗期土壤呼吸占农田CO2排放的20%左右.作物呼吸排放在此期是主要的CO2排放源,由于光合作用固定C2速率高于呼吸作用排放C2的速率,NEE平均值为-319.88 mg·m-2·h-1,农田表现为大气C2的汇;在一年一熟的农牧交错区.土壤呼吸、农田C2排放通量均明显低于一年两熟农田,NEE平均值为142 mg·m-2·h-1,表现为大气C2的源.本研究通过对土壤呼吸、农田C2排放及NEE的比较,指出通过技术方法的改进,NEE是今后的研究方向.