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M. S. Pollock R. G. Friesen R. J. Pollock R. C. Kusch D. P. Chivers 《Chemoecology》2005,15(4):205-209
Summary. All animals are vulnerable to predation at some point in their lives and consequently prey organisms often develop effective
risk assessment systems. For many aquatic species predation risk assessment occurs through the use of olfactory cues, including
predator odours and alarm cues from damaged or disturbed conspecifics. When aquatic species encounter conspecific alarm cues
they may respond, or not, based on specific information including cue concentration, health and size of the conspecific donor
and potentially the gender and breeding condition of the donor. Previous laboratory studies have demonstrated that fathead
minnows (Pimephales promelas) fail to respond to the skin extracts of breeding male minnows. The purpose of the current study was to verify these early
laboratory findings in the field as well as to further investigate the effect of female reproductive state and donor gender
on the response of minnows to damage-release alarm cues. Our results indicate that male breeding condition has a significant
effect on how minnows will respond to conspecific cues. Minnows showed avoidance of cues of female minnows and male minnows
not in breeding condition, in comparison to cues of breeding male minnows and cues of male and female swordtails. Neither
the gender of non-breeding minnows nor the reproductive state of female minnows influenced the avoidance of minnows to alarm
cues. 相似文献
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Summary. While the response to damage-released chemical alarm cues within the superorder Ostariophysi appears to be highly conserved
across species, it is generally observed that the intensity of response to heterospecific alarm cues decreases with increasing
phylogenetic distance. Recent studies have demonstrated that purine-N-oxides function as chemical alarm cues within Ostariophyian fishes and that the nitrogen-oxide functional group is conserved
as the chief molecular trigger. According to the purine-ratio hypothesis, these cross-species differences may be due to the
relative proportion of different carrier compounds associated with the nitrogen-oxide molecular trigger. To test this hypothesis,
we exposed glowlight tetras (Hemigrammus erythrozonus, Characidae, Ostariophysi) to one of five synthetic stimuli (hypoxanthine-3-N-oxide (H3NO), pyridine-N-oxide (PNO) or mixed stimuli of 75 % H3NO-25 % PNO, 50 % H3NO-50 % PNO, or 25 % H3NO-75 % PNO), natural conspecific chemical
alarm cue or a distilled water control. We quantified changes in shoal cohesion and vertical area use as species typical indicators
of an antipredator response. As predicted, response intensity decreased as the ratio of hypoxanthine-3-N-oxide to pyridine-N-oxide decreased and the strongest response was to natural alarm cue. These results suggest that species-specific carrier
compounds may account for the well-documented cross-species differences in the response to heterospecific alarm cues within
phylogenetically related taxa. 相似文献
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