Contamination and source assessment of metals,polychlorinated biphenyls,and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils from Addis Ababa,Ethiopia

Urban areas in developing countries are facing vast environmental problems as a result of rapid urbanization and industrialization. Of major concern is the contamination of soils which are increasingly becoming sinks for environmental pollutants. However, to date only little is known about the pollution in the megalopolises of developing countries. The aim of this study was to assess the contamination and potential sources of metals, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the urban environment of Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. The investigation revealed the presence of most of the analyzed pollutants in soil and sediment samples with total concentrations (dry wt) of PAHs ranging from 186 to 3150?µg?kg^?1, PCBs from 0.4 to 19?µg?kg^?1, Cu from 14 to 173?mg?kg^?1, Zn from 36 to 440?mg?kg^?1, Pb from 9 to 700?mg?kg^?1, and Ni from 16 to 72?mg?kg^?1. In addition, polyaromatic sulfur heterocycles, typical for oil and petrol residues, were detected in several soil samples. Source identification approaches revealed that Pb, Zn, and Cu are most likely derived from pyrolytic sources, with elevated values in samples related to waste combustion and traffic emissions. Ni is most probably of geogenic origin. For PCBs it is indicated that they are derived from a single source. However, correlations with technical PCB mixtures were inconsistent. PAHs originate from the combustion of biomass, vehicular exhausts, and petrogenic sources.     

淮北煤田煤中有机硫的测定与分析

以淮北煤田16 个煤样品为研究对象,对每个样品均进行了元素分析,并进行了索氏抽提实验,采用气相色谱-质谱仪对提取液进行测试分析.结果表明,淮北煤田4煤层和5煤层是以低硫煤为主的烟煤,煤中的有机硫主要为含硫多环芳烃(PASHs),其中又以二苯并噻吩及其甲基取代物和苯并萘并噻吩及其甲基,二甲基取代物为主.通过比较相对含量,发现5煤层的PASHs普遍比4煤层高,且PASHs的含量与O/C值成反相关,与煤的变质程度关系密切,煤化程度愈高,煤组成的芳构化程度也愈高,PASHs含量亦愈高.同时还发现当煤中硫含量在0.5%左右时,煤中PASHs含量达最高.