北京餐饮源排放细粒子理化特征及其对有机颗粒物的贡献

调研了北京餐饮业发展现状,通过在线监测、采样分析等手段研究北京4家不同烹调方式的餐馆所排放颗粒物的质量浓度、粒径分布、形貌特征、化学组分,并初步估算餐饮源排放细粒子对北京细粒子中颗粒有机物的贡献.结果表明,餐馆的原料、烹饪过程、油烟去除装置以及客流量都会影响餐馆所排放颗粒物的物理、化学性质.样本餐馆营业期间排放颗粒物PM_{2 .5}质量浓度是当日环境大气PM_{2 .5}质量浓度的8～35倍,PM_{1 .0}在PM_{2 .5}的质量浓度中约占50%～85%.餐饮源排放颗粒物多以固态和液态颗粒物形貌存在,化学组分质量百分数由多到少依次是有机物、无机离子和元素碳,分别占到PM_{2 .5}质量浓度的70%左右、5%～11%和小于2%.初步估计结果表明,北京餐饮源排放细粒子对有机颗粒物的贡献和交通源的排放相当,成为北京细粒子有机颗粒物的主要来源之一.认识餐饮源排放颗粒物的理化性质,可以为改善北京空气质量和保证居民身体健康提供数据支持.     

紫色水稻土颗粒有机质对重金属的富集特征

在重庆合川区和铜梁区随机采集了20个紫色水稻土,将其分成颗粒有机质(0.053~2 mm,POM)、砂粒(0.053~2mm)和细土(0.053 mm)这3个组分,通过比较不同组分的有机碳及重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd)含量和分布状况,研究了紫色水稻土中POM对重金属的富集特征及其与土壤理化性质如pH、CEC、黏粒和土壤有机碳(SOC)等的关系.结果表明,采样区紫色水稻土的POM含量范围为7.31~44.76 g·kg~(-1),平均值为19.20 g·kg~(-1),有机碳含量为96.61~263.17 g·kg~(-1),平均值为151.34 g·kg~(-1),显著高于原土及其他组分,对土壤有机碳的贡献率为8.63%~48.62%,代表了一大部分土壤有机碳库.POM中的Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd平均富集系数分别为3.35、1.14、2.88和2.14,显著高于其他组分,表现出一定的富集作用,对上述重金属的贡献率分别为6.02%、2.22%、5.24%和3.21%,POM对Cu、Pb的富集能力和贡献率均显著大于Zn和Cd.相关分析结果表明,POM含量与SOC、pH、CEC、黏粒(0.002 mm)呈显著或极显著正相关,SOC是主要因素.POM-C含量与总量分别与黏粒含量、SOC呈显著相关.POM中重金属总量与SOC、pH、POM-C总量呈显著或极显著正相关,SOC是最关键因子;与其他重金属相比,Zn在POM中的总量与土壤性质的回归系数最高,关系最为密切.     

太湖北部湖区春、冬季节天然有机质的荧光特征及环境意义

天然有机质(OM)广泛存在于各类水体,含有丰富的碳、氮、磷等生源要素,其形成、转化、归宿及其相伴随的营养盐再生过程是水生态系统营养盐生物地球化学循环的重要环节,在湖泊蓝藻水华暴发过程中势必也扮演着非常重要的营养盐供给者的角色.本研究于2015年2月和5月分别在太湖北部湖区采集了17个样品,利用POM-DOM PARAFAC三维荧光模型解析春、冬季节颗粒态有机质(POM)和溶解态有机质(DOM)的荧光特征及来源,并探讨POM和DOM各荧光组分之间及其与叶绿素a(Chla)的关系.结果表明,春、冬季节太湖北部湖区POM和DOM的荧光峰、荧光中心位置和荧光强度均存在明显的差别;POM有着比DOM更复杂的组分构成.综合POM和DOM的荧光强度和荧光指数可知,春、冬季节太湖北部湖区POM和DOM均以自生源为主,河口区受陆源贡献较大.POM(C1p~C5p)和DOM(C1d~C5d)有5种荧光组分,分别是类色氨酸(C1和C2)、类腐殖质(C3和C4)及类酪氨酸(C5).POM和DOM的荧光组分特征存在明显的差别;春、冬季节POM均以类腐殖质荧光C3为主,荧光组分高值区分别集中在梅梁湾区域和湖心区;而DOM均以类蛋白组分C2、C1和C5为主,荧光组分高值区均分布在竺山湾区域.相关分析结果显示,春季C1d与C2d(P0.01)、C3d与C4d(P0.01)、C1p与C4p(P0.05)、C2p与C5p(P0.01)均具有较强的相关性.值得注意的是,C3d(P0.01)、C4d(P0.05)与C3p均具有较好的相关关系,表明POM与DOM在组分、来源上具有某种联系.与春季类似,冬季荧光组分C1d与C2d、C3d与C4d、C1p与C2p、C1d与C2p亦具有极好的相关性(P0.01).春季C5d与Chla之间存在正相关关系(P0.01),而C2d(P0.05)、C3p(P0.01)与Chla之间具有负相关关系;冬季C4d与Chla之间也存在负相关关系(P0.05).     

Acceleration of the particulate organic matter hydrolysis by start-up stage recovery and its original microbial mechanism

• Carbon availability was partially solved by POM recovery and fermentation. • 12% carbon sources were regenerated by fermentation of the entrapped 35% TCOD. • The unique microbial communities facilitated the efficient hydrolysis of the POM. • Considerable economic benefits in aeration power and ECS dosage were anticipated. To address the availability of carbon sources for denitrification, the accelerated hydrolysis of the most abundant but low-availability fraction of particulate organic matter (POM) was investigated. Mesh sieves with different pore sizes were used as primary pretreatment at the start-up-stage of the biological process to separate some POM from the liquid system. The changes in soluble carbohydrates and proteins were monitored to investigate the hydrolysis performance of the sieved POM, with waste activated sludge (WAS) as the control test. The results showed that an average of 35% POM could be entrapped before filtrate mat development. In addition, benefiting from the high polysaccharides concentration, as well as the high availability due to the relatively loose physical structure, a 23% hydrolysis efficiency of POM was obtained, in contrast to that of WAS (3.4%), with a hydrolysis constant of 0.39 h⁻¹. The prominent performance was also attributed to the unique microbial communities having been domesticated at a lower temperature, especially the cellulose-degrading bacteria Paraclostridium and psychrophile Psychrobacter, making up 6.94% and 2.56%, respectively. Furthermore, the potential benefits and application of improved POM hydrolysis by start-up stage recovery via mesh sieves combined with anaerobic fermentation were evaluated, including selective POM entrapment, alleviation of blockage and wear, and a reduction in aeration energy. By the proposed strategy, carbon availability for biological nutrient removal (BNR) processes is anticipated to be improved more economically than that can be achieved by primary clarifier elimination.     

Particulate Organic Matter Composition in A Semi-Enclosed Marine System

Spatial and temporal changes in the biochemical composition of particulate organic matter in a semi-enclosed marine system (Stagnone di Marsala, Mediterranean Sea) were studied, on a monthly basis, from January to December 1994, in order to assess nutritional value of suspended particles for benthic suspension feeders. According to previous findings, the study site displayed a strong oligotrophy. Chlorophyll-a accounted for a very low fraction of the total suspended matter pool (0.1%), whereas at least 75% of POC was of detrital/heterotrophic origin. POC: PON ratio values indicate that bacterioplankton biomass accounted for a significant fraction of the total POC pool, displaying values comparable to those of the phytoplankton biomass (phytoplankton to bacterial biomass ratio was about (1). Temporal and spatial changes in the biochemical composition of particulate organic matter were rather limited and related to its sources, the main of which is represented by detrital particles released by the Posidonia oceanica (L.) beds. the comparison between our results and those encountered in other coastal lagoons indicates that the low abundance of suspension-feeding organisms observed in the study area is related to the “quality depression” of particles due to the dilution of high quality compounds (i.e., biopolymeric carbon) in a largely inorganic matrix. This result leads us to conclude that, to reach the same amount of high quality particulate food, a suspension feeder mollusc in the Marsala lagoon would need to filter a sea water volume around 3 times higher than in other Mediterranean coastal lagoons.     

Composition of torched crude oil organic particulate emitted by refinery and its similarity to atmospheric aerosol in the surrounding area

The absolute contents and relative distributions of organic aerosols [n-alkanes, n-alkanoic and n-alkenoic acids, n-alkan-2-ones and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)] were determined in torched gases emitted during the crude oil extraction and in the free atmosphere of the Hassi-Messaoud city (Algeria). Monocarboxylic acids, both saturated and monounsaturated (from 9802 to 20 057 ng m⁻³), accounted for the major fraction of the total particulate organic matter identified both in torch exhaust and atmospheric particulate. n-Alkanes were also abundant both in the direct emission (from 460 to 632 ng m⁻³) and city atmosphere (462 ng m⁻³) and displayed a peculiar fingerprint characterised by the presence of a set of branched congeners around even carbon-numbered homologues and a strong even-to-odd predominance along the whole carbon number range (C₁₆–C₃₄). Whilst n-alkan-2-ones were absent in the city and poor in smokes emitted from the torches (from 31 to 42 ng m⁻³), PAH were present at low extents in all sites (from 18 to 65 ng m⁻³). The incomplete thermal combustion of torched crude oil was very likely the main source of these particle-bound organic constituents in the city and its surrounding region.     

太湖颗粒态有机质的荧光特征及环境指示意义

作为水体中有机质分解与营养盐再生的核心载体之一,颗粒态有机质(POM)是一个潜在的可以被生物利用的重要营养源,势必对水华的暴发产生重要的影响.本研究采集了太湖8个典型区域32个样品,利用三维荧光技术(EEMs)并结合平行因子分析法(PARAFAC)解析夏季太湖水体POM的荧光特征、来源及环境指示意义,并对POM与DOM荧光特征的差异性及草、藻型湖区POM的差异性进行了分析.结果表明,太湖POM共有5种荧光组分,分别是类色氨酸(C1和C2)、类腐殖质(C3和C4)及类酪氨酸(C5);其中,C1与C2、C3与C4两两具有极显著相关关系,C5与C3、C4也具有极好的相关性;通过与已有文献中的DOM荧光特征进行比对发现,夏季太湖POM与DOM在组分构成、来源及其与水质参数的相关性上均存在差异性.夏季太湖POM既有外源输入,也有内源输入,但其荧光指数(FI、HIX、BIX)取值范围为1.78~2.35、0.3~2.7、0.8~1.1,表明内源特性相对强烈.类腐殖质荧光与TN、TP、Chla、COD、POC、SS均呈显著相关性,表明荧光分析法可以作为营养盐半定量分析的一个重要手段.藻型湖区POM类蛋白物质主要由类色氨酸和类酪氨酸构成,而草型湖区以类酪氨酸为主,没有或者有极少的类色氨酸荧光组分;值得注意的是,与藻型湖区相比,草型湖区含有较多的类酪氨酸荧光组分(t检验,P0.01).藻型湖区POM类蛋白和类腐殖质荧光之间具有显著相关性,而草型湖区两者相关性不显著;藻型湖区POM类蛋白和类腐殖质荧光均与Chla呈显著相关性,而草型湖区仅类腐殖质荧光与Chla具有显著相关关系.     

用于环境风险评价的大连湾溢油预测模型

基于POM建立了M2分潮的大连湾海域三维潮流场动力模式。利用此动力模式,以"油粒子"模型来模拟溢油在大连湾中的漂移扩散过程。通过欧拉-拉格朗日法,将油膜中心的轨迹和各个时刻的油膜分布情况可视化。溢油预测模型综合考虑了三维流场、湍流、风导输移和波浪破等环境因素对海上溢油行为的影响,考虑了蒸发和乳化过程,预测了溢油的归宿。本模型旨在为大连湾海上溢油风险评价提供信息。     

春季东海赤潮高发区颗粒有机物的分布及影响因素

依据2010年5月对东海赤潮高发区的现场调查数据,分析研究了颗粒有机物的浓度变化和分布特征,并对其影响因素进行了探讨.结果表明,春季东海赤潮高发区颗粒有机物(POC和PON)的浓度范围为91.15~3655.17μg·L-1和12.59~684.57μg·L-1,平均值分别为(745.64±632.05)μg·L-1和(126.04±106.32)μg·L-1;平面分布上,颗粒有机物整体上呈现近岸高、远岸低的分布特点,长江口外、舟山群岛东南海域以及闽浙沿岸都出现高值;垂直分布上,颗粒有机物呈现出典型的表层高、底层低的特征,表现出大洋水的性质;周日变化上,除了30 m层以下颗粒有机物比较稳定外,各层颗粒有机物整体上表现出全日周期变化.长江口外颗粒有机物的高值中心主要受陆源输入(主要是长江径流)的影响,舟山群岛东南海域以及闽浙沿岸海域颗粒有机物高值区主要受浮游植物活动的影响,底层颗粒有机物主要受到了底层沉积物再悬浮的影响.     

2000~2010年大鹏湾颗粒有机物的年变化和年际变化

依据2000～2010年每月一次的调查资料,简要描述和讨论了大鹏湾中颗粒有机物(particulate organic matter,POM)质量浓度的时空分布,并结合叶绿素a(chlorophyll a,Chl-a)实测数据探讨POM的组成和滞留时间.结果表明,大鹏湾的水动力条件对POM的分布变化影响不大,POM质量浓度为(1.1±0.8)mg·L-1,与珠江口伶仃洋和大亚湾的差别不大,但比南海北部的高.在表层,POM与Chl-a之间存在显著正相关,浮游植物有机物(phytoplankton POM,PPOM)∶Chl-a比率为70 g·g-1左右,由此估算的大鹏湾PPOM质量浓度为(0.31±0.39)mg·L-1,约占POM的28%.由初级生产力(primary productivity,PP)和累计POM(integrated POM,IPOM)估算的大鹏湾中POM的滞留时间约为6.5 d,与东海南部沿岸陆架区POC的相近.11 a调查期间,PP的年际变化略呈下降趋势,而POM和IPOM的年际变化呈较明显的上升趋势,暗示难降解的碎屑POM在大鹏湾中逐渐积累.