Arsenic stabilization by zero-valent iron,bauxite residue,and zeolite at a contaminated site planting Panax notoginseng

Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen, a rare traditional Chinese medicinal herb, is a widely used phytomedicine used all over the world. In recent years, the arsenic contamination of the herb and its relative products becomes a serious problem due to elevated soil As concentration. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different types and dosages of amendments on As stabilization in soil and its uptake by P. notoginseng. Results showed that comparing to control treatment, the As concentrations of P. notoginseng declined by 49–63%, 43–61% and 52–66% in 0.25% zero-valent iron (Fe(0)), 0.5% bauxite residue, and 1% zeolite treatment, respectively; whereas the biomasses were elevated by 62–116%, 45–152% and 114–265%, respectively. The As(III) proportions of P. notoginseng increased by 8%, 9%, and 8%, and the transfer factors of As from root to shoot increased by 37%, 42% and 84% in the optimal treatments of Fe(0), bauxite residue, and zeolite. For soil As, all the three amendments could transform the non-specifically adsorbed As fraction to hydrous oxides Fe/Al fractions (by Fe(0) and red mud) or specifically adsorbed As fraction (by zeolite), therefore reduced the bioavailability of soil As. With a comprehensive consideration of stabilization efficiency, plant growth, environmental influence, and cost, Fe(0) appeared to be the best amendment, and zeolite could also be a good choice. In conclusion, this study was of significance in developing As contamination control in P. notoginseng planting areas, and even other areas for medicinal herb growing.     

信宜县田七场的土壤环境

本文在野外调查的基础上，论述了广东省主要田七产区信宜县田七场的生物气候条件、地理位置、土壤肥力以及田七对Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ的吸收状况．改善田七场的环境条件，合理施肥，培育健壮的植株以及减少农药使用量等，是提高田七产量的有效措施．     

HPLC法测定多菌灵在西洋参中的残留量

本文报道了多菌灵在西洋参中残留量的HPLC检测方法.当添加水平在1.0一5.0μg·l~(-1)时,根中回收率为60一76%:添加水平在0.5一2μg·l~(-1)时,茎叶中回收率为70一80%;土壤添加2.5μg·l~(-1)时,回收率为84%.茎叶、根、土壤中残留量测定的相对标准偏差分别为2.16%.6.17%.1.24%.检测极限均为0.1μg·l~(-1)多菌灵在茎叶和土壤中的消解动态方程为C=118.42(?)和C=18.84(?)半衰期为5.87d和3.63d.     

Interactive Effects of Harvest and Deer Herbivory on the Population Dynamics of American Ginseng

Abstract:  Few demographic models for any species consider the role of multiple, interacting ecological threats. Many forest herbs are heavily browsed by white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) and a number of these are also harvested for the medicinal, floral, or horticultural trades. Previous studies of the viability of American ginseng ( Panax quinquefolius ) have separately examined the effects of harvesting and deer herbivory. We followed individually marked ginseng plants in 6 populations for 8 years and documented deer browse levels, conducted helicopter surveys to estimate the deer herd size, and documented 2 ginseng harvests. We used this long-term data set to develop a stochastic demographic model that quantified the separate and interactive role of these threats to ginseng viability. Although harvesting and deer herbivory negatively affected ginseng population growth, their effects were not additive. Deer herbivory negatively affected population growth in the absence but not in the presence of harvesting. Life table response experiments revealed that in the presence of harvesting, deer herbivory had some positive effects on vital rates because browsed plants were less apparent to harvesters. Ginseng populations that were harvested responsibly (i.e., planting seeds from harvested individuals) had higher growth rates than those that were harvested irresponsibly. We concluded that both deer populations and harvesting must be managed to ensure sustainable populations of American ginseng. Our findings underscore the importance of long-term monitoring to assess threats to viability and the need for a broad ecological understanding of the complexity of ecosystem management.     

生物法去除西洋参中有机氯农药

从西洋参种植土壤中分离到一株高效有机氯农药降解细菌,将该菌制成固体菌剂,应用于田间试验,实验结果表明,对3a生西洋参的1a生长期内BHC总量的降解率达36.27%～49.90%,DDT总量的降解率达25.19%～35.61%。     

Determination of trace amounts of chlorinated insecticides and fungicides in ginseng using capillary gas chromatography and ~(63)Ni electron capture detector

A method for the simultaneous determination of a series of chlorinated insecticides and fungicides as residues in ginseng is presented in this article. Pulverized samples are subjected to Soxhlet extraction with acetone-petroleum ether and the extract is partitioned between petroleum ether and aqueous sodium sulfate solution (2:98). The combined petroleum ether phase is cleaned up by sulfuric acid and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography using 63Ni electron capture detector. Recoveries from the different concentrations for 11 kinds of chlorinated insecticides and fungicides are between 92.40 and 103.7% with coefficients of variations ranged 1.22 and 9.53% without samples, and between 89.00% and 104.10% with coefficients of variations between 1.16% and 9.16% with samples. The detection limits are 0.2- 7.0 ng/kg.     

西洋参中六种农药残留量的HPLC分析

本文报道了甲基对硫磷等六种农药在西洋参中多残留的高铲液相色谱检测方法。采用乙醚超声波提取,经硅胶柱净化,紫外检测波长采用程序控制,在检测的时间内自动进行四次改变,使每一被检测的农药均在其最大紫外吸收波长处被检测。     

人参生长光环境研究进展

光因子是直接影响植物光合作用的主导因子。人参(PanaxginsengC.A.Mey.)作为典型的阴性植物,对光环境的要求十分严格。文章从保护野山参物种资源及光环境对人参生长发育的重要作用的角度,介绍了人参生长光环境的研究现状:研究时期集中于20世纪80、90年代,以指导园参栽培为目的,围绕可见光区的光强和光质特征展开,以光环境静态调查及光强日动态、光质颜色对人参生理影响为主要研究内容。文中分析了国内外对于人参适宜光照的研究结果存在较大差异的原因可能是人参种质、不同生长阶段的光合能力及光分布空间变化给人参光合作用造成的影响。总结了已有研究的结果,例如,①参棚透光率为25%时,光照强度达到饱和光强度,人参光合速率最高;②浅绿膜人参生育健壮,光合作用强度高,干物质积累快,有利于参根增重。2000年以后,随着林下栽参的兴起,原有研究成果不足以满足目前科学种植的需要,国外已经出现林下分光谱辐射对人参根部皂甙积累影响数量关系的研究,而国内针对林下参生长光环境的研究仍停留在上世纪90年代针对可见光区光强变化的水平上。文章最后指出,现有研究成果在科学指导林下栽参的选址及现代化管理方面存在不足,通过学科交叉与融合、建立合理的人参生长光环境动态模型是未来人参生长光环境研究的发展趋势。     

长白山区人参栽培气候生态适应性及其分布的研究

本文分析了人参高产栽培的气候指标,确立了鉴定长白山区人参栽培气候生态适应性的隶属函数和描述人参综合气候适宜度空间分布的数学模型,并分析了人参适宜栽培海拔高度的地域变化。采用地理细网格场分析方法,计算、分析了人参栽培气候适宜性的地域性差异。结果表明,长白山区人参栽培的气候生态适应性有很大差异。     

Evidence of Local Adaptation in the Demographic Response of American Ginseng to Interannual Temperature Variation

Abstract: Bioclimatic envelope models of species’ responses to climate change are used to predict how species will respond to increasing temperatures. These models are frequently based on the assumption that the northern and southern boundaries of a species’ range define its thermal niche. However, this assumption may be violated if populations are adapted to local temperature regimes and have evolved population‐specific thermal optima. Considering the prevalence of local adaptation, the assumption of a species‐wide thermal optimum may be violated for many species. We used spatially and temporally extensive demographic data for American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) to examine range‐wide variation in response of population growth rate (λ) to climatic factors. Our results suggest adaptation to local temperature, but not precipitation. For each population, λ was maximized when annual temperatures were similar to site‐specific, long‐term mean temperatures. Populations from disparate climatic zones responded differently to temperature variation, and there was a linear relation between population‐level thermal optima and the 30‐year mean temperature at each site. For species that are locally adapted to temperature, bioclimatic envelope models may underestimate the extent to which increasing temperatures will decrease population growth rate. Because any directional change from long‐term mean temperatures will decrease population growth rates, all populations throughout a species’ range will be adversely affected by temperature increase, not just populations at southern and low‐elevation boundaries. Additionally, when a species’ local thermal niche is narrower than its range‐wide thermal niche, a smaller temperature increase than would be predicted by bioclimatic envelope approaches may be sufficient to decrease population growth.