Dynamics of Bacterial Abundance,Biomass, Activity,and Community Composition in the Oligotrophic Traunsee and the Traun River (Austria)

The holomictic Traunsee is the deepest and second largest lakein Austria. The special characteristic of this ecosystem isthe fact that local salt and soda industries presumably alterthe lake by the discharge of waste materials. Since thebeginning of the 20th century salt and soda works areannually releasing up to 50,000 tons of solid wastes and up to150,000 tons of chloride into Traunsee. To assess potentialeffects of these anthropogenic impacts on the bacterioplanktonthree sampling sites, influenced as well as not influenced bythe industrial discharge, were chosen for comparison andsampled monthly from November 1997 to October 1998. Bacterialabundance ranged between 0.4 to 3.0 × 10⁶ cells ml^-1 with decreasing numbers along the depth profile. Theproportion of actively respiring bacteria, i.e. INT [2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyltetrazolium chloride]reducing cells, never exceeded 10% of DAPI (4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole) stained cells. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to examine the seasonal and spatial distribution of dominant phylogenetic groups of thebacterioplankton. Up to 84% of bacteria detected with DAPIcould be detected via FISH applying the universal bacterialprobe EUB338. Percentages of alpha- and beta-Proteobacteriaand members of the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium cluster did notexceed 60% of DAPI-stained cells.Beta-Proteobacteriaappeared to be the most abundant group, not only in Traunsee butalso in two reference lakes, Attersee and Hallstättersee. No significant differences in any of the bacterial parameters couldbe detected between the three sampling sites and all measurementswere found in the range reported for oligotrophic lakes. The highdischarge of the Traun River, resulting in a lake water renewaltime of only one year, may diminish possible effects of industrial waste discharge in the pelagic zone.     

染料探针技术对二级出水中优势污染物的定量检测

分别以刚果红和中性红为染料探针,建立了牛血清蛋白质(BSA)和海藻酸多糖(SA)含量与共振光散射(RLS)发射光谱强度间的线性关系;以甲苯胺蓝为染料探针,建立了腐殖酸(HA)含量与紫外吸光度间的线性关系;优化了3种标准物质的检测浓度范围及溶液p H值条件;考察了染料探针分析方法对标准物的二元和三元混合样品中的回收率.结果表明在适宜的浓度范围内,BSA、HA、SA浓度与染料探针光谱强度间的线性相关系数R0.98,3种标准物在混合样品中的回收率不小于95%,标准误差低于0.11%.以紫外光谱和3D-EEM光谱特征作为城市污水二级出水样品中蛋白质、多糖和腐殖酸的定性依据,确认了4种二级出水样品中的优势污染物.通过染料-探针技术与国标法测得的多糖和蛋白质质量浓度的相对偏差在1.2%~0.04%之间.     

油田回注水中硫酸盐还原原核生物的快速检测和群落结构分析

利用荧光原位杂交(Fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)技术,采用荧光标记的rRNA探针及其组合对胜利油田胜利采油厂回注水中硫酸盐还原原核生物(Sulfate reducing prokaryotes,SRPs,包括硫酸盐还原细菌和硫酸盐还原古菌)进行检测,分析了该回注水中SRPs群落结构.结果表明:SRPs在胜利油田回注水中具有极高的种群多样性,广泛分布于4个细菌门和1个古菌门;总数可达2.86×104个/mL,占回注水中总微生物细胞的20%左右;其中优势菌属为脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)和脱硫肠状菌属(Desulfotomaculum),分别占回注水微生物总细胞数的8.71%(±4.45%),和12.15%(±3.90%).Desulfobacterales和Syntrophobacterales这2个目中的SRPs,Thermodesulfobacteriales以及Thermodesulfovibro属的SRPs分别占样品微生物总量的7.59%(±2.92%),3.57%(±1.39%)和2.32%(±0.80%).除此之外,也检测到了占微生物总量4.29%(±1.75%)的Archaeoglobus属的SRPs,证明了古菌类SRPs是回注水中一个不容忽视的硫酸盐还原微生物种群.FISH法能够快速、准确地检测回注水中SRPs数量,解析SRPs群落结构.     

Integration of traditional and innovative characterization techniques for flux-based assessment of Dense Non-aqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL) sites

Key attributes of the source zone and the expanding dissolved plume at a trichloroethene (TCE) site in Australia were evaluated using trends in groundwater monitoring data along with data from on-line volatile organic compound (VOC) samplers and passive flux meters (PFMs) deployed in selected wells. These data indicate that: (1) residual TCE source mass in the saturated zone, estimated using two innovative techniques, is small ( 10 kg), which is also reflected in small source mass discharge ( 3 g/day); (2) the plume is disconnecting, based on TCE concentration contours and TCE fluxes in wells along a longitudinal transect; (3) there is minimal biodegradation, based on TCE mass discharge of  6 g/day at a plume control plane  175 m from source, which is also consistent with aerobic geochemical conditions observed in the plume; and (4) residual TCE in the vadose zone provides episodic inputs of TCE mass to the plume during infiltration/recharge events. TCE flux data also suggest that the small residual TCE source mass is present in the low-permeability zones, thus making source treatment difficult. Our analysis, based on a synthesis of the archived data and new data, suggests that source treatment is unwarranted, and that containment of the large TCE plume ( 1.2 km long,  0.3 km wide; 17 m deep;  2000–2500 kg TCE mass) or institutional controls, along with a long-term flux monitoring program, might be necessary. The flux-based site management approach outlined in this paper provides a novel way of looking beyond the complexities of groundwater contamination in heterogeneous domains, to make intelligent and informed site decisions based on strategic measurement of the appropriate metrics.     

荧光原位杂交技术在环境微生物生态学解析中的应用研究

近年来 ,诸多国家在环境微生物领域先后开展了分子生物学研究方法的建立和生物学评价工作。一些不依靠纯培养的微生物群落的分析方法已得到广泛应用和发展。荧光原位杂交 (FISH)技术 ,具有细胞在测定过程中不被破坏、形状不改变、特异性强、能够真实反映在自然环境下微生物的情况及分布等特点 ,在环境微生物群落探测分析中已逐渐被广泛应用。该技术利用带有荧光标记的特异性寡核苷酸探针 ,与细胞内相应的靶核糖体结合 ,能将微生物探测、鉴定到属和种的水平。运用于硝化细菌、除磷细菌和丝状微生物等废水处理中常见的特征性微生物种群和群落生态学研究中 ,颇为高效。该技术的应用避免了传统培养方法进行鉴定和计数的局限性 ,在环境微生物生态学解析中具有较高应用价值。     

Carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis in Norrie disease

We report the use of DNA probes to determine carrier status in three young women from a large kindred with Norrie disease. One of the women requested prenatal diagnosis during pregnancy. In this pedigree, Norrie disease was not characterized by a deletion at DXS7.     

复合厌氧法+混凝处理啤酒废水的试验研究

上流式厌氧污泥床滤器处理啤酒废水的实验研究表明 :当试验平均温度为 2 5°C时 ,厌氧工艺出水CODcr在 2 0 0 mg/ L左右 ,经混凝沉淀处理后出水 CODcr小于 60 mg/ L;当试验平均温度为 1 5°C时 ,厌氧工艺出水CODcr在 3 0 0 mg/ L左右 ,经混凝沉淀处理后出水 CODcr小于 1 0 0 mg/ L。采用混凝后处理还可同时减少浊度和臭味。     

Characterization of i(18p) in prenatal diagnosis by fluorescence in situ hybridization

A case is presented in which chorionic villus direct preparation and cultured chorionic villus cells revealed a 47,XX, + mar karyotype. The marker was a small metacentric chromosome and appeared to be i(18p)—isochromosome 18p. Follow-up studies in both amniotic fluid and fetal fibroblasts confirmed the karyotype. In order to characterize the marker, a panel of biotinylated DNA probes was used, including a whole chromosome 18 probe, chromosome 18-specific alpha satellite DNA, Yac clones, and a pan-telomeric probe. These studies show that the marker is a monocentric i(18p) in which about 80 per cent of chromosome 18 alpha satellite DNA has been lost.