Photochemical processing of aldrin and dieldrin in frozen aqueous solutions under arctic field conditions

Organochlorine (OC) contaminants are transported to the Polar Regions, where they have the potential to bioaccumulate, presenting a threat to the health of wildlife and indigenous communities. They deposit onto snowpack during winter, and accumulate until spring, when they experience prolonged solar irradiation until snowmelt occurs. Photochemical degradation rates for aldrin and dieldrin, in frozen aqueous solution made from MilliQ water, 500 μM hydrogen peroxide solution or locally-collected melted snow were measured in a field campaign near Barrow, AK, during spring-summer 2008. Significant photoprocessing of both pesticides occurs; the reactions depend on temperature, depth within the snowpack and whether the predominant phase is ice or liquid water. The effect of species present in natural snowpack is comparable to 500 μM hydrogen peroxide, pointing to the potential significance of snowpack-mediated reactions. Aldrin samples frozen at near 0 °C were more reactive than comparable liquid samples, implying that the microenvironments experienced on frozen ice surfaces are an important consideration.     

Guest dechlorination and covalent capture following photoexcitation of inclusion complexes in water

Photoexcitation of complexes between cyclophane 1 and 1- or 2-chloronaphthalene in aqueous solution leads to rapid dechlorination of the guest, a reaction driven by electron transfer from host to excited guest. The main photoproducts contain a naphthyl group covalently attached to the host framework. The results may lead to new approaches for remediating water contaminated with chlorinated aromatic compounds.     

层状云酸化过程的数值模拟

修正和发展了一维层状云物理化学模式,该模式包括了详细的气?液相反应和光辐射传输,在我国东部地区平均污染水平下模拟了降水酸化过程?结果表明:光解系数在云顶为无云时的2～3倍,在云底则为无云时的0.2倍;自由基对S(Ⅳ)的氧化在降水后期可超过H₂O₂,并致使SO2-₄和NO-₃浓度在降水后期有逐渐增长的趋势;由于H₂SO₄和HNO₃的不断生成以及NH3和气溶胶的洗脱,地面雨水酸度持续上升?      

Phototransformation of some 2‐alkyloxybenzothiazole derivatives

We have performed the photolysis of 2‐methyloxy‐, 2‐ethyloxy‐, 2‐propyloxy‐, 2‐isopropyloxy‐, 2‐(l‐methylbutyl)oxy‐, 2‐cyclohexyloxy‐ and 2‐propargyloxybenzothiazole derivatives. We have studied the influence of polarity of the solvent and presence or absence of oxygen on the course of their photochemical transformations. In general it can be concluded that the cleavage of the substituent‐oxygen bonds occurs preferentially, whereby the main product was identified in most cases to be 2‐benzothiazolinone. The rate of photolysis and the composition of the reaction mixture was dependent upon the presence or absence of oxygen. Photoreactivity of above benzo‐thiazole derivatives was also strongly dependent on the structure of the substituents in the position 2.     

Phenol transformation induced by UVA photolysis of the complex FeCl<Superscript>2+</Superscript>

Here we show that the photolysis of FeCl²⁺ upon UV irradiation of Fe(III) at pH 0.5, yielding Cl^• and then Cl₂^−•, upon further reaction with Cl⁻, induces phenol degradation. The photolysis of FeCl²⁺ can be highlighted and studied as the huge interference by FeOH²⁺ can be avoided under such conditions. Our data allowed the assessment of a photolysis quantum yield for FeCl²⁺ of 5.8 × 10⁻⁴ under UVA irradiation, much lower compared to the literature value of 0.5. The discrepancy can be explained if the photolysis process is efficient but photoformed Fe²⁺ and Cl^• undergo recombination inside the solvent cage.     

Atmospheric photochemistry and secondary aerosol formation of urban air in Lyon, France

Photochemical aging of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere is an important source of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). To evaluate the formation potential of SOA at an urban site in Lyon (France), an outdoor experiment using a Potential Aerosol Mass (PAM) oxidation flow reactor (OFR) was conducted throughout entire days during January-February 2017. Diurnal variation of SOA formations and their correlation with OH radical exposure (OHexp), ambient pollutants (VOCs and particulate matters, PM), Relative Humidity (RH), and temperature were explored in this study. Ambient urban air was exposed to high concentration of OH radicals with OHexp in range of (0.2–1.2)×10¹² molecule/(cm³?sec), corresponding to several days to weeks of equivalent atmospheric photochemical aging. The results informed that urban air at Lyon has high potency to contribute to SOA, and these SOA productions were favored from OH radical photochemical oxidation rather than via ozonolysis. Maximum SOA formation (36 µg/m³) was obtained at OHexp of about 7.4 × 10¹¹molecule/(cm³?sec), equivalent to approximately 5 days of atmospheric oxidation. The correlation between SOA formation and ambient environment conditions (RH & temperature, VOCs and PM) was observed. It was the first time to estimate SOA formation potential from ambient air over a long period in urban environment of Lyon.     

热带海水养殖清洁生产技术模式探讨

采用太阳光化学修复原理对典型热带地区--海南省某养殖场废水进行清洁闭环生态养殖技术初步探讨.采用现场定位观测实验研究方法,探讨高位池光化学循环净化装置对养殖废水中COD、SS等污染物的去除效应、脱氮解毒效应以及增氧效应等.结果表明,本实验装置能有效地实现热带地区高位池循环水养殖及养殖污水的"零排放",是满足环保要求的一种多功能、低成本、效果好的水体净化方法.     

光化学氧化技术去除水中有机污染物的试验研究

以自来水为试验对象，对紫外－臭氧和紫外－二氧化钛两种光化学氧化技术对水中微量有机污染物的去除进行了试验研究，结果表明两种工艺的UVA（紫外吸光度）去除率均达到80％以上，对氯仿的去除也均能达到国家饮用水标准。在此基础上，自制了一种催化剂膜，并取得了预期的处理效果，有望在新型净水技术及设备的研制和开发上得到应用。     

Perspectives of the chemical fate and toxicity of pesticides

Abstract

The wide‐spread use of pesticides in modern agriculture has created a need to investigate the chemical transformation of pesticides in plants and animals. This paper reviews the chemical and biochemical fate of various pesticides and other xenobiotics. Photochemical mechanisms appear to be the most common pathways for the abiotic transformation of these chemicals. Biotic transformation includes a large group of biochemical reactions which may result in either deactivation (detoxication) or activation (toxication) of bioactive compounds. The need for quality control in the production of pesticides is also discussed.