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T. Lubjuhn Wolfgang Winkel Jörg Thomas Epplen Jörg Brün 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2000,48(1):12-17
One of the most interesting aspects of the mating system of pied flycatchers is the regular occurrence of polygyny. Here we
present data on the reproductive success of polygynously paired pied flycatcher males compared to monogamous males based on
paternity analyses through DNA fingerprinting. Males paired with two females suffered a higher loss in reproductive output
per female compared to monogamous males due to (1) a greater proportion of unhatched eggs in their broods, (2) greater nestling
mortality and (3) a greater probability of being cuckolded. Nevertheless, the number of fledglings was significantly greater
for polygynous males. Based on the number of nestlings that returned for subsequent breeding seasons, however, the reproductive
success of monogamous and polygynous males did not differ significantly. These data raise the question as to why males attempt
polygyny.
Received: 16 August 1999 / Received in revised form: 15 March 2000 / Accepted: 18 March 2000 相似文献
2.
Peter Weindler Frank Böhme Varis Liepa Wolfgang Wiltschko 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1998,42(4):289-294
To assess the role of celestial rotation during daytime in the development of the magnetic compass course, pied flycatchers
(Ficedula hypoleuca Pallas, Muscicapidae) were handraised in Latvia under various celestial and magnetic conditions. Tests were performed during
autumn migration in the local geomagnetic field (50 000 nT, 73° inclination) in the absence of celestial cues. A group of
birds that had never seen the sky showed a bimodal preference for the migratory southwest-northeast axis, whereas a second
group that had been exposed to the natural sky from sunrise to sunset in the local geomagnetic field showed a unimodal preference
for the seasonally appropriate southwesterly direction. A third group that had also been exposed to the daytime sky, but in
the absence of magnetic compass information, also oriented bimodally along a southwest-northeast axis. These findings demonstrate
that observing celestial rotation during daytime enables birds to choose the right end of the migratory axis for autumn migration
at the Latvian test location. This transformation of axial behavior into appropriate migratory orientation, however, requires
the birds to have simultaneous access to information on both celestial rotation and the geomagnetic field.
Received: 19 September 1997 / Accepted after revision: 22 November 1997 相似文献
3.
MARKKU T. KUITUNEN JOHANNA VILJANEN ESKO ROSSI ARTO STENROOS 《Environmental management》2003,31(1):0079-0085
The impact of dense traffic on the breeding success in pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) was studied using roadside nest-boxes. Nest site selection and breeding success of flycatchers were observed in relation
to the distance from the road. The number of occupied territories was no higher closer to the road than it was deeper inside
the forest. The distance to the road had no effect on the laying date, clutch size, or brood size. However, nests closer to
the road were more likely to fail at the chick stage. The number of broods that were closer to roads and were lost completely
was significantly higher than those further away. As a consequence, the number of fledglings per breeding attempt decreased
closer to roads. The nestlings typically died as older chicks when the parent birds were providing them with maximum quantities
of food. A possible reason for the declining reproductive success was the traffic-related mortality of parent birds, as weather
conditions were not especially adverse for raising healthy offspring. 相似文献
4.
Tamarix leaf beetles (Diorhabda carinulata) have been widely released on western United States rivers to control introduced shrubs in the genus Tamarix, with the goals of saving water through removal of an assumed high water‐use plant, and of improving habitat value by removing a competitor of native riparian trees. We review recent studies addressing three questions: (1) to what extent are Tamarix weakened or killed by recurrent cycles of defoliation; (2) can significant water salvage be expected from defoliation; and (3) what are the effects of defoliation on riparian ecology, particularly on avian habit? Defoliation has been patchy at many sites, and shrubs at some sites recover each year even after multiple years of defoliation. Tamarix evapotranspiration (ET) is much lower than originally assumed in estimates of potential water savings, and are the same or lower than possible replacement plants. There is concern that the endangered southwestern willow flycatcher (Empidonax trailli extimus) will be negatively affected by defoliation because the birds build nests early in the season when Tamarix is still green, but are still on their nests during the period of summer defoliation. Affected river systems will require continued monitoring and development of adaptive management practices to maintain or enhance riparian habitat values. Multiplatform remote sensing methods are playing an essential role in monitoring defoliation and rates of ET on affected river systems. 相似文献
5.
Rita Hargitai Kathryn E. Arnold Márton Herényi József Prechl János Török 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2009,63(6):869-882
Offspring survival can be influenced by resources allocated to eggs, which in turn may be affected by the environmental factors
the mother experiences during egg formation. In this study, we investigated whether experimentally elevated social interactions
and number of neighbouring pairs influence yolk composition of collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis). Social challenge was simulated by presentation of a conspecific female. Experimental females spent more time near the cage
and produced eggs with higher androgen concentration, but local breeding density did not affect yolk androgen level. Moreover,
we found that females exposed to more intra-specific interactions and those that bred at higher density produced eggs with
smaller yolk. These females may be more constrained in foraging time due to more frequent social encounters, and there might
be increased competition for food at areas of higher density. In contrast, the present study did not reveal any evidence for
the effect of social environment on yolk antioxidant and immunoglobulin levels. However, we found that yolk lutein and immunoglobulin
concentrations were related to the female’s H/L ratio. Also, yolk lutein and α-tocopherol levels showed a seasonal increase
and were positively related to the female’s plasma carotenoid level. Mothers may incur significant costs by transferring these
compounds into the eggs, thus only females in good physiological condition and those that lay eggs later, when food is probably
more abundant, could allocate higher amounts to the eggs without compromising their defence mechanisms. Our results suggest
that environmental circumstances during egg formation can influence conditions for embryonic development. 相似文献
6.
Effects of toxic emissions (heavy metals and sulfur dioxide) on reproductive parameters of adult pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca Pall.) and morphophysiological characteristics of their progeny have been studied in the vicinity of the Middle Ural Copper-Smelting Plant. In polluted areas, the fecundity of adult birds is lower, mortality among the progeny is higher, and changes in the physiological parameters of birds are observed. The effects of toxic load are better manifested in nestlings than in adult birds. They include an increase in the liver index, the reduction of hemoglobin concentration, and an increase in the proportion of immature erythrocytes in the peripheral blood. The proportion of anemic birds also increases. The weakening of nestlings facilitates their infestation by the larvae of parasitic flies. Changes in the differential blood count of nestlings reflect the combined impact of toxic pollutants and parasites. 相似文献
7.
It has been suggested that nestlings use begging to increase their share of parental resources at the expense of current
or future siblings. There is ample evidence that siblings compete over food with nestmates by begging, but only short-term
effects of begging on parental provisioning rates have been shown. In this study, we use a new experimental design to demonstrate
that pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) nestlings that beg more are able to increase parental provisioning rates over the major part of the nestling period, thus
potentially competing with future siblings. Parents were marked with microchips so that additional begging sounds could be
played back when one of the parents visited the nest. By playing back begging sounds consistently at either male or female
visits, a sex difference in provisioning rate that lasted for the major part of the nestling period was induced. If each parent
independently adjusts its effort to the begging intensity of nestlings, begging may also be the proximate control mechanism
for the sexual division of labour.
Received: 24 January 1997 / Accepted after revision: 30 August 1997 相似文献
8.
P. R. Martin J. R. Fotheringham Laurene Ratcliffe Raleigh J. Robertson 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1996,39(4):227-235
Least flycatchers (Empidonax minimus) and American redstarts (Setophaga ruticilla) overlap in the use of food resources on their breeding grounds, promoting high levels of interspecific aggression by the
socially dominant flycatcher. We examined the role of song in this interspecific aggression by using repeated-measures-designed
playback experiments and observational data on induced aggressive interactions. Flycatchers were more likely to approach the
speaker during presentation of redstart song than during intervals of no song or presentation of control song. Approach was
close enough to enable visual contact with a singing redstart. In contrast, redstarts made significantly fewer flights following
presentation of flycatcher song, when risk of flycatcher attack may be greatest. Reducing the number of flights likely reduces
the risk of flycatcher attack on the redstart, as flycatchers do not attack stationary redstart models and are apparently
dependent on cues from redstart flight for visual heterospecific recognition. Flycatcher-specific responses of redstarts and
marked differences in song morphology rule out misdirected intraspecific aggression as a proximate or ultimate cause of interspecific
response to song. Results indicate that song is an important component in aggressive interactions between these two species,
and reflect the dominant role of the flycatcher in such interactions. Our results also illustrate the capacity for interspecific
interference competition to influence behavior and heterospecific song recognition in two distant avian taxa.
Received: 10 January 1995/Accepted after revision: 8 June 1996 相似文献
9.
Kleptoparasitism is a tactic used to acquire food opportunistically and has been shown to provide several benefits, including
greater food intake rate and the acquisition of items not normally available during self-foraging. Host individuals may differ
in their ability to defend themselves against kleptoparasitic attacks and therefore identifying those host individuals that
are particularly vulnerable to attack could both provide energetic benefits and increase the efficiency of kleptoparasitism
as a foraging strategy. Here, we show that the kleptoparasitic fork-tailed drongo (Dicrurus adsimilis) specifically targets juveniles when following groups of cooperatively breeding pied babblers (Turdoides bicolor). Drongos give alarm calls upon sighting a predator, thus providing extra predator vigilance to foraging pied babblers. However,
drongos also use alarm calls to steal food items. During kleptoparasitic attacks, drongos give false alarm calls and then
swoop down to steal food items dropped by alarmed babblers. Juvenile pied babblers are particularly vulnerable to attack because
they (a) spend a longer period handling prey items prior to consumption and (b) respond to alarm calls primarily by immediately
moving to cover, in contrast to adults who respond by looking up and visually scanning the surrounding area. Drongos attack
juvenile babblers significantly more often than adults, with attacks on juveniles more likely to result in the successful
procurement of a food item. This patterns of attack suggests that drongos are able to differentiate between individuals of
different age when targeting pied babblers, thus increasing the efficiency of kleptoparasitism as a foraging strategy. 相似文献
10.
Indrikis Krams Tatjana Krama Kristine Igaune Raivo Mänd 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(4):599-605
Although human behaviour abounds with reciprocal altruism, few examples exist documenting reciprocal altruism in animals.
Recent non-experimental evidence suggests that reciprocal altruism may be more common in nature than previously documented.
Here we present experimental evidence of mobbing behaviour, the joint assault on a predator in an attempt to drive it away,
as reciprocal altruism in the breeding pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca). Given a choice, pied flycatchers assisted in mobbing initiated by co-operating neighbours and did not join in mobbing when
initiated by conspecific neighbours which had defected from necessary assistance 1 h before. The results suggest the birds
followed a ‘tit-for-tat’-like strategy and that mobbing behaviour of breeding birds may be explained in terms of reciprocal
altruism. 相似文献
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