Response of the Ascorbate-Peroxidase of Selenastrum capricornutum to Copper and Lead in Stormwaters

The green alga Selenastrum capricornutum expresses a uniqueascorbate peroxidase, that responds to copper and lead. Attemptswere made to test if this peroxidase could be used to monitor thelevels of copper and lead in natural waters. When S.capricornutum was exposed to a stormwater sample, the specificactivity of the peroxidase in the cell extract was commensuratewith the combined copper and lead contents in the sample. Theperoxidase responses were also correlated with the 96 hr biomasstoxicity assay of S. capricornutum. However, unlike thebiomass toxicity assay, the peroxidase activity was not affectedby the anions in the samples. The use of this peroxidase can beused as a marker for testing heavy metal toxicity in the water.     

镍、锌、铝对羊角月芽藻(Selenastrum capricornutum)生长及酶活性影响研究

研究了不同浓度镍，锌，铝对常见绿藻羊角月芽藻生长速度，蛋白质含量，ＡＴＰ水平，葡萄糖－６－磷酸脱氢酶，酸性磷酸酶及硝酸还原酶活性的影响。结果表明３种金属离子在所试浓度范围内对羊角月芽藻的生长速度均有抑制作用，但单位藻培养物中蛋白质含量却随着金属离子浓度的增加而增加；高浓度金属离子对酶活性有明显抑制作用；藻细胞中ＡＴＰ水平随着金属离子浓度的增加而下降。     

铜、镉联合胁迫对羊角月牙藻的自由基氧化损伤影响研究

分析了铜和镉联合胁迫对羊角月牙藻(Selenastrum capricornutum)的影响,运用国内应用较少的新型技术——叶绿素荧光技术检测了胁迫下微藻的最大光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)受到的影响,并尝试通过膜脂过氧化损伤产物丙二醛(MDA)和其他指标在胁迫下的变化,对铜、镉联合胁迫机制进行初步探究。结果表明:(1)羊角月牙藻在铜、镉联合胁迫下生长受到抑制,表现出明显的浓度-效应关系。铜、镉的联合胁迫的相加指数为-1.63,表现为典型的拮抗作用。(2)通过叶绿素荧光技术的应用,探明Fv/Fm随毒性浓度的变化表现为浓度-效应关系,毒性浓度越大,羊角月牙藻的Fv/Fm越低,但在低毒性浓度刺激时随胁迫时间延长有回升迹象。(3)随毒性浓度的增加,羊角月牙藻的MDA增加,表现为显著的浓度-效应关系;可溶性蛋白质大体呈先升后降的趋势。(4)铜、镉联合胁迫下,MDA与羊角月牙藻生物量、Fv/Fm呈显著负相关。脂质过氧化是导致生物量下降和Fv/Fm受抑制的原因之一。(5)在微藻体内铜、镉发生拮抗作用的机制也可能与重金属的脂质过氧化作用由于拮抗受到抑制有关。     

2种新分离微藻的生长、氮磷去除和营养特性的比较研究

为了解2种新分离微藻的净化和资源化潜力,研究比较了其生长、氮磷去除和营养特性。结果表明,栅藻和月牙藻的最大生物量（干重）分别为0．78g／L和0．53g／L;最大生物量（干重）增长速率分别为0．05g／（L·d）和0．03g／（L·d）。培养至第23天,栅藻和月牙藻对TN的去除率分别为85．1％和72．5％;对TP的去除率为82．6％和79．7％,但栅藻较月牙藻更易释放较多的No2--N进入藻液。稳定期时,栅藻、月牙藻的粗蛋白质含量和粗蛋白产量（干重）分别为31．8％、19．2％和0．24g／L、0．09g／L;粗脂含量和粗脂产量（干重）分别为7．81％、9．26％和0．06g／L、0．05g／L。综上,与月牙藻相比,栅藻具有明显的生长、氮磷去除和营养优势,在进行水产养殖废水的净化和资源化利用上可作为优选藻种。     

抗生素与三唑类杀菌剂混合物对羊角月牙藻的长期毒性相互作用研究

地表水中抗生素与农药的混合暴露及其潜在生态与健康风险受到广泛关注。然而,目前关于抗生素与农药混合毒性研究大多仅考虑急性毒性,缺乏其长期毒性相互作用的研究。以较为广泛使用的2种抗生素土霉素(OXY)、环丙沙星(CIP)和1种三唑类杀菌剂农药戊唑醇(TCZ)及其二元混合物为研究对象,以生态系统中初级生产者绿藻(羊角月牙藻)为受试生物,研究目标混合物在暴露时间为96、120、144和168 h的长期毒性相互作用。结果表明,单一物质及其混合物随暴露时间延长而毒性增大;同一暴露时间点的单一污染物毒性大小顺序为OXYTCZCIP;混合物毒性相互作用与浓度、混合物组分和暴露时间三者密切相关;混合体系的拮抗作用均出现在高浓度区域,而中、低浓度区域呈协同作用或加和作用; OXY-CIP与CIPTCZ混合体系的协同作用随着暴露时间延长而协同作用逐渐增大。研究结果对水环境中抗生素与农药复合污染生态风险评估具有重要的现实意义。     

壬基酚对羊角月牙藻的毒性效应研究

为研究壬基酚（NP）对淡水微藻的毒性效应特点,选取模式生物羊角月牙藻（Selenastrum capricornutum）为受试对象,设置5个暴露处理浓度：0.1,0.3,0.6,0.9,1.2mg/L.观察并测定羊角月牙藻的生长情况、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量等指标,并通过植物光合效率仪测定叶绿素荧光诱导动力学参数,分析NP对光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）的影响.结果表明,NP限制羊角月牙藻生长的96h EC50为0.979mg/L;NP处理浓度为0.3mg/L时,可以对羊角月牙藻生长产生抑制效应,与对照组相比,主要光合色素（叶绿素）含量下降,MDA含量显著增加,过氧化氢酶（CAT）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性显著上升,最大光能转化效率（Fv/Fm）显著下降,ABS/RC（单位反应中心吸收光能）显著上升,DI0/RC（单位反应中心耗散能量）、ET0/RC（单位反应中心捕获用于电子传递的能量）、TR0/RC（反应中心用于还原QA的能量）也随之升高;当处理浓度≥0.9mg/L后,CAT和SOD活性、TR0/RC显著下降,DI0/RC显著升高,表明PSⅡ受到损伤.由此可知,NP能够破坏膜系统完整性、诱发抗氧化系统响应并造成PSⅡ损伤,降低光能转化效率,对羊角月牙藻具有毒性效应,对水域生态系统具有潜在风险.     

绿狐尾藻对铜绿微囊藻和羊角月牙藻的抑藻效应

分别将不同起始浓度(10~5、10~6、10~7、10~8和10~9ind.·L~(-1))的铜绿微囊藻和羊角月牙藻分组与绿狐尾藻进行共培养,连续10 d,每天测定各组铜绿微囊藻或羊角月牙藻的光密度值,用以确定绿狐尾藻对两种藻类不同浓度的生长抑制情况.结果表明,2. 5 g·(200 m L)~(-1)的绿狐尾藻对起始浓度为10~7ind.·L~(-1)和10~8ind.·L~(-1)的铜绿微囊藻具有明显的抑制作用;而对实验所设的所有起始浓度的羊角月牙藻生长均没有显著的抑制作用.并且,采用溶剂浸提与气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)测定的方法,分析了绿狐尾藻粉末浸提液和绿狐尾藻生长液中可能存在的化感物质,通过分析,确定棕榈酸是绿狐尾藻分泌的化感物质之一,并且发现了3种可能是绿狐尾藻分泌的新型化感物质:3-乙基-3-甲基庚烷、磷酸三乙酯和酞酸二丁酯.     

5氟尿嘧啶对蛋白核小球藻和羊角月芽藻生长及叶绿素含量的影响

近年来,抗癌药的环境污染特征及其生态风险引起了广泛关注。为获取典型抗癌药5氟尿嘧啶的基础生态毒性数据,以蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)和羊角月芽藻(Selenastrum capricornutum)为受试生物,考察了5氟尿嘧啶对2种绿藻的生长和叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明,5氟尿嘧啶对蛋白核小球藻和羊角月芽藻的生长具有抑制作用,随着暴露浓度升高,细胞生长抑制率增强。5氟尿嘧啶对2种绿藻的96 h半数抑制浓度(EC50)分别为450.36 mg·L~(-1)和692.30 mg·L~(-1),属于低毒性物质。暴露96 h后,低浓度5氟尿嘧啶(32 mg·L~(-1))对蛋白核小球藻和羊角月芽藻叶绿素含量有一定的促进作用,高浓度5氟尿嘧啶(32~500 mg·L~(-1))则抑制了2种绿藻的叶绿素含量,且两者具有明显的负相关关系。和叶绿素b相比,叶绿素a对5氟尿嘧啶胁迫更为敏感。     

Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET) Tests on Wastewater Treatment Plants with Daphnia magna and Selenastrum capricornutum

Whole effluent toxicity (WET) tests, with Daphnia magna and Selenastrum capricornutum, were introduced to evaluate the biological toxicities of effluents from the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Korea. In WET tests of WWTPs effluents, 33.3% (33/99) for D. magna and 92.6% (75/81) for S. capricornutum revealed greater than 1 toxic unit (TU), even though all the treatment plants investigated were operating in compliance with the regulations, as assessed using conventional monitoring methods (i.e., BOD and total concentration of N or P, etc). There were only minor differences in toxicities according to the types of influents (municipal and agro-industrial) in all treatment plants. However, the effluents treated by an activated sludge treatment process were found to exhibit significantly lower toxicity than those treated by rotating biological contactor (RBC) and extended aeration processes. The seasonal variations in the toxicity were lower in the summer compared to winter, which may have been due to the rainfall received to the sewage intake system during the former period. The impact of WET on river water was also investigated based on the discharge volume. At sites A and B, the total impact of toxicity to stream and river waters was observed to be 70.9% and 90.4% for D. magna and S. capricornutum, respectively. The other four small treatment plants (sites F, G, H and I), with relative discharging volumes between 0.001 and 0.002, contribute less than 1% to the total toxicity.     

Biotransformation of ethinylestradiol by microalgae

The capability of biotransformation of 11 microalgae strains was tested on ethinylestradiol (EE). Seven strains were ineffective whilst Selenastrum capricornutum, Scenedesmus quadricauda, Scenedesmus vacuolatus and Ankistrodesmus braunii biotransformed the substrate. EE was converted by S. capricornutum in three products (ethinylestradiol glucoside, 3-β-d-glucopyranosyl-2-hydroxyethinylestradiol, and 3-β-d-glucopyranosyl-6β-hydroxyethinyl estradiol) in 40%, 5%, and 5% yields, respectively. S. quadricauda transformed EE into 17-ethinyl-1,4-estradien-10,17β-diol-3-one (12%) and A. braunii transformed EE into 6--hydroxy-ethinylestradiol (25%).

It is noteworthy that EE is converted in 92% yield in ethinylestradiol glucoside by S. capricornutum when using optimal algal density conditions.