河流水质灾害中的S—P方程稳态分析和临界氧亏计算

污染物对水环境的影响主要发生在枯水期，此时水流状态处于稳态．Streeter－phelps（S－P）方程能预测简单稳态条件下的水质状况，并具有较高的计算织亏的精度．     

Steady-state analyses for reactive distillation control: An MTBE case study

An approach, based purely on steady-state analyses, for synthesizing effective control structures for reactive distillation (RD) columns is presented. The main idea is to analyze the steady-state relationships between the manipulated (input) variables and the potential controlled (output) variables to identify input–output (IO) pairings that are sensitive and avoid steady-state multiplicities providing a large range of nearly linear operating region around the base case design. Traditional SISO control loops are then implemented using these IO pairings to obtain control structures that maintain the column near the design product purity and conversion for the anticipated primary disturbances. The Niederlinski Index is used to eliminate dynamically unstable pairings in control structures with multiple loops. The approach is demonstrated on an example MTBE RD column. The impact of steady-state multiplicities on control structure design is highlighted.     

Will progress in science and technology avert or accelerate global collapse? A critical analysis and policy recommendations

Industrial society will move towards collapse if its total environmental impact (I), expressed either in terms of energy and materials use or in terms of pollution, increases with time, i.e., dI/dt > 0. The traditional interpretation of the I = PAT equation reflects the optimistic belief that technological innovation, particularly improvements in eco-efficiency, will significantly reduce the technology (T) factor, and thereby result in a corresponding decline in impact (I). Unfortunately, this interpretation of the I = PAT equation ignores the effects of technological change on the other two factors: population (P) and per capita affluence (A). A more heuristic formulation of this equation is I = P(T)·A(T)·T in which the dependence of P and A on T is apparent. From historical evidence, it is clear that technological revolutions (tool-making, agricultural, and industrial) have been the primary driving forces behind successive population explosions, and that modern communication and transportation technologies have been employed to transform a large proportion of the world’s inhabitants into consumers of material- and energy-intensive products and services. In addition, factor analysis from neoclassical growth theory and the rebound effect provide evidence that science and technology have played a key role in contributing to rising living standards. While technological change has thus contributed to significant increases in both P and A, it has at the same time brought about considerable eco-efficiency improvements. Unfortunately, reductions in the T-factor have generally not been sufficiently rapid to compensate for the simultaneous increases in both P and A. As a result, total impact, in terms of energy production, mineral extraction, land-use and CO₂ emissions, has in most cases increased with time, indicating that industrial society is nevertheless moving towards collapse. The belief that continued and even accelerated scientific research and technological innovation will automatically result in sustainability and avert collapse is at best mistaken. Innovations in science and technology will be necessary but alone will be insufficient for sustainability. Consequently, what is most needed are specific policies designed to decrease total impact, such as (a) halting population growth via effective population stabilization plans and better access to birth control methods, (b) reducing total matter-energy throughput and pollution by removing perverse subsidies, imposing regulations that limit waste discharges and the depletion of non-renewable resources, and implementing ecological tax reform, and (c) moving towards a steady-state economy in which per-capita affluence is stabilized at lower levels by replacing wasteful conspicuous material consumption with social alternatives known to enhance subjective well-being. While science and technology must play an important role in the implementation of these policies, none will be enacted without a fundamental change in society’s dominant values of growth and exploitation. Thus, value change is the most important prerequisite for avoiding global collapse.

Least-inference methods for constructing networks of trophic flows

The construction of material and energy budgets within ecosystems has long been accomplished via manual calculation. Recently, optimization techniques have been adapted to automate the procedure, but these methods require assumptions that may not square with biological reality. Two algorithms are developed to construct ecosystem budgets under minimal inference. Although the methods do not recapitulate the model used to generate the input data, analysis reveals that the results do not differ statistically from networks that were constructed manually.     

微污染钦用水生物处理中痕量有机物生物降解研究述评

生物膜工艺可以有效去除微污染饮用水源中痕量有机污染物，第二级利用是稳态生物膜降解痕量有机物的主要机理。自然有机物可以作为初级基质支持稳态生物膜的生长，而痕量的合成有机物能作为第二级基质被生物膜降解，缓慢衰减的非稳态生物膜在一段时期内仍能保持对痕量有机物的高效降解。     

珠江三角洲地区硫和氮沉降临界负荷研究

通过实地采集土壤样品和测量其矿物组成,收集植被和大气沉降等数据,应用稳态质量平衡(SMB)法和ArcGIS,计算得到了珠江三角洲地区硫沉降和氮沉降临界负荷及其超临界负荷.结果表明,珠江三角洲地区当前硫沉降临界负荷呈现东高西低的态势,高值区分布于惠州大部、广州中北部、东莞和中山南部地区,其临界负荷值大于15.0 keq·(hm2·a)-1;低值区包括江门大部、肇庆大部和深圳部分地区,其临界负荷值小于2.0 keq·(hm2·a)-1.氮沉降临界负荷在1.0~2.5 keq·(hm2·a)-1范围,小于1.0 keq·(hm2·a)-1出现在肇庆等地区.当前硫沉降超过临界负荷的区域较少,但大部分区域氮沉降超过了其临界负荷;未来随着大气颗粒物浓度的降低硫沉降临界负荷将下降,将出现大片硫超临界负荷区.因此,当前珠江三角洲地区应加大氮沉降控制的力度,未来在控制大气颗粒物的同时应特别注重硫沉降的协调控制.