pH均值计算述评及验证

pH值是水化学中常用和最重要的检验项目之一，pH均值的计算已引起环境科学工作者的重视，并提出了很多有见地的计算方法。对这些计算方法作一简要归纳和评述，并通过实测进行验证。     

Institutional and cost implications of multi-project baselines

Starting from a theoreticalnotion of capacity building this paperfocuses on the implications ofmulti-project baselines for costs andinstitutions. Availability of data and thelevel of data aggregation determine to alarge extent the cost of derivingmulti-project baselines. For localinstitutions this implies that theircapacity development needs are linked todecisions made on strictness of baselines.The initial higher costs of multi-projectcalculations in the development stage areeasily offset once more projects will usesuch a baseline. This paper argues theseinitial demands are not as high asexpected. Multi-project approaches willreduce transaction costs, especially forsmall-scale projects, will reducevalidation costs and likely reduce humanresource demands in other stages of theproject cycle.     

大理市西洱河环境容量测算初探

从环境容量利用与管理的角度出发，在科学评价环境质量现状的基础上，根据环境功能区的质量目标，通过建立污染源一环境质量的输入响应关系，确定大理市西洱河的环境容量。     

浅谈清洁生产审核中经济效益的核算方法

根据财务管理学理论，结合清洁生产审核工作实际，分析各地清洁生产审核中的经济效益核算方法的差异，提出简洁实用的核算方法。     

产品生命周期环境成本核算实例研究

针对项目层次环境成本核算技术存在的2大缺陷，构建了产品生命周期环境成本核算模型。以红矾钠产品生命周期为例，通过企业的实地调查，以直接计算法、费用当量法进行拟合，得到了红矾钠产品（产量2.28万t/a)生命周期环境成本为，直接计算法：5084.48万元；费用当量法：4941.43万元。分析了环境成本核算对可持续发展决策和管理的作用和意义。     

广西铁山港跨海大桥长度对环境影响的研究

为研究兴建铁山港跨海大桥对水文环境的影响，科学地确定大桥的合理长度，采用二维潮流数值模型对潮位、流场及纳潮量等的变化进行了数值计算，经优化提出推荐方案。     

位场反演在相山火山岩型铀矿中的应用研究

相山矿田是我国最主要的铀矿资源基地之一,本文介绍了综合利用位、场及场的垂直梯度的物性反演方法的原理与实施,反演计算了相山盆地不同深度下的磁性结构分布特征,最后对相山盆地地下岩层结构及界面变化趋势进行了半定量和定性分析,这对指导相山的铀资源勘查有着重要意义。     

截齿截割煤体变形破坏过程数值模拟研究

采用应变软化的模型,使用连续介质快速拉格朗日分析法(FLAC,FastLagrangianAnaly-sisofContinue)进行数值模拟计算;研究截齿截割作用下煤体变形破坏过程;分析各种工况下不同参数对煤体塑性区、最大位移、最大主应力、最大剪应力的影响。研究表明:截割力与塑性区大小成正比,位移、剪应力、主应力随截割力增大而增大;截深与塑性区大小成反比;截割角度与塑性区面积关系密切,试验用煤体最佳截割角度为5°左右;截割速度增加,塑性区面积减小;通过分析截割动态过程,得到位移矢量图及剪应变等值线图,发现截割过程中煤体的破坏是拉、剪联合作用的结果,以剪破坏为主。     

环评中锅炉房大气污染源强的确定

在环境评价中,污染源强的确定对环境影响因素评价的分析结果有重要作用。对锅炉房污染物排放的分析表明,影响锅炉房大气污染物的主要因素有燃料的构成、发热量和燃烧方式等。确定锅炉房大气污染物的方法主要有物料衡算法、实测法和经验系数法。在这三种方法中,物料衡算法被普遍采用。在确定锅炉房大气污染物的排放量时,也可以采用物料衡算法和实测法相结合的方法。     

Uncertainty characterization for emergy values

While statistical estimation of uncertainty has not typically accompanied published emergy values, as with any other quantitative model, uncertainty is embedded in these values, and lack of uncertainty characterization makes their accuracy not only opaque, it also prevents the use of emergy values in statistical tests of hypotheses. This paper first attempts to describe sources of uncertainty in unit emergy values (UEVs) and presents a framework for estimating this uncertainty with analytical and stochastic models, with model choices dependent upon on how the UEV is calculated and what kind of uncertainties are quantified. The analytical model can incorporate a broader spectrum of uncertainty types than the stochastic model, including model and scenario uncertainty, which may be significant in emergy models, but is only appropriate for the most basic of emergy calculations. Although less comprehensive in its incorporation of uncertainty, the proposed stochastic method is suitable for all types of UEVs. The distributions of unit emergy values approximate the lognormal distribution with variations depending on the types of uncertainty quantified as well as the way the UEVs are calculated. While both methods of estimating uncertainty in UEVs have their limitations in their presented stage of development, this paper provides methods for incorporating uncertainty into emergy, and demonstrates how this can be depicted and propagated so that it can be used in future emergy analyses and permit emergy to be more readily incorporated into other methods of environmental assessment, such as LCA.