植物叶表尘及重金属对城市大气颗粒物污染的指示与评估

城市大气颗粒物污染问题日渐突出,目前主要依靠大气站点的直接观测数据反映污染的即时状况,而植物叶表尘及重金属的监测为评价大气颗粒物阶段性污染状况提供了新的途径.本研究通过分析北京交通带和公园共7个样点的臭椿(Ailanthus altissima)、槐(Sophora japonica)、北京杨(Populus beijingensis)、榆树(Ulmus pumila)、紫叶李(Prunus cerasifera f.atropurpurea)等5种常见绿化树种的叶表尘及重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn含量,并计算尘金属综合累积指数(MAI),进而与邻近站点大气颗粒物观测数据对比并进行统计分析,尝试量化评价植物所处环境的大气颗粒物及尘重金属综合污染状况.结果表明:采用榆树叶表尘可量化评价大气可吸入颗粒物PM10的月均质量浓度,相对误差为1.2%~10.6%;臭椿叶表尘可量化评价大气细颗粒物PM2.5的月均质量浓度和月均空气质量指数(AQI),相对误差分别为0.18%~3.7%和0.26%~5.7%.MAI值可指示大气尘重金属综合污染状况,本研究中京承高速和朝阳公园大气尘重金属综合污染较重,其次为念坛公园、望京公园和玉蜓桥,最轻为岳各庄桥和麋鹿苑.     

浑善达克沙地榆树疏林生态系统的空间异质性

榆树疏林生态系统是浑善达克沙地的重要组分之一运用生物统计学(U检验和相关性分析等)和地统计学的方法(半方差分析和空间局部插值),研究了浑善达克沙地榆树疏林生态系统的土壤有机质(SOM)、土壤全氮(STN)、土壤pH(SpH)、土壤含水量(SWC)和草本层盖度(HC)的空间异质性,并探讨了它们之间以及与榆树空间位置的关系.研究结果表明:SOM、STN、SpH、SWC和HC的分布格局均具有明显的空间异质性和空间自相关性,它们的空间格局与榆树的空间分布有明显的相关性.在此基础上,应用空间局部插值法,绘制了各个性状的空间等值分布图.通过等值分布图直观的分析了榆树与各研究性状的空间格局的关系,探讨榆树对疏林生态系统土壤性状和草本层植物分布的空间异质性的影响,以及榆树下成为草原上的沃岛(fertility island)的原因.     

Soil effects of six different two-species litter mixtures that include Ulmus pumila

The tree species that contribute to decomposed leaf litter can have important effects on soil properties and thus nutrient cycling and interactions between tree species. We examined ground leaf litter and soil mixtures consisting of leaves from Ulmus pumila (Up) combined individually with leaves from one of six other species: Betula platyphylla (Bp), Quercus liaotungensis (Ql), Salix matsudana (Sm), Hippophae rhamnoides (Hr), Caragana microphylla (Cm), and Amorpha fruticosa (Af). The soil–litter mixtures were incubated for 120 days to analyse the effects of their decomposition on soil properties and to determine the interactions between the different types of litter within each mixture. The decomposed litter mixtures were composed of Up combined with Sm- or Hr-improved soil fertility relative to the pure Up mixture, but the decomposed litter mixtures were composed of Up combined with Cm-, Af-, or Ql-diminished soil properties. Three leaf mixture treatments, namely Up?×?Bp, Up?×?Sm, and Up?×?Hr, exhibited synergistic effects on soil properties (i.e. soil properties exceeding the predicted values); however, three other treatments, namely Up?×?Ql, Up?×?Cm, and Up?×?Af, exhibited antagonistic effects (i.e. properties below the predicted values). Therefore, litter from Bp, Sm, or Hr should be mixed with Up to improve soil fertility and production in plantations.     

Multivariate optimization of Cd(II) biosorption onto Ulmus tree leaves from aqueous waste

Ulmus tree leaves were successfully used as a novel and efficient biosorbent for removing cadmium, (Cd(II)), from aqueous solutions in a batch system. A multivariate strategy for optimization of removal efficiency conditions of Cd(II) was carried out. A 2³ full factorial design with three center points (9 runs) was performed for screening the main variables and reducing the large number of experimental runs. Initial concentration of metal ion (C _m), amount of sorbent (m), and pH were considered as the three main variables at two different levels. The maximum removal efficiency of Cd(II) was achieved within 1 h contact time. It was found that all the main factors and their interactions were significant at p < 0.05. Doehlert response surface methodology was utilized (13 runs) for finding a suitable mathematical model. The analysis of variance and some statistical tests such as lack-of-fit, coefficient of determination (R ²), and residual distribution plot confirmed the validity of the model. The optimum conditions for maximum removal of Cd(II) by Ulmus tree leaves were found as pH = 3.4, m (amount of sorbent) = 0.128 g, C _m (initial concentration of metal ion) = 12.1 mg L^?1.     

醉翁榆的生境特征及保护对策

本文在对醉翁榆生境特点、分布状况、群落特征调查研究的基础上,分析了保护面临的问题,提出了保护醉翁榆的对策     

濒危植物长序榆（Ulmus elongata）幼苗光合特性的初步研究

用Li-6400XT便携式光合作用仪对一年生和当年生濒危植物长序榆幼苗的光合日变化进行了观测,为科学保护提供理论依据和技术途径。结果发现,一年生和当年生长序榆幼苗的光合日变化均为单峰曲线,无＂午休＂现象。当年生的平均净光合累积量（5.64μmol.m-2.s-1）大于一年生的净光合累计量（5.05μmol.m-2.s-1）。胞间二氧化碳（Ci）浓度与光合日变化基本上是相反的。气孔导度（Gs）和蒸腾速率（Tr）没有明显的变化规律。光能利用率（LUE）中午12？00最低,水分利用率（WUE）13？00最高。一年生和当年生的光饱和点（LSP）分别为1 620.75μmol.m-2.s-1和1 123.07μmol.m-2.s-1,二者的光补偿点（LCP）均较低,分别为8.33μmol.m-2.s-1和8.89μmol.m-2.s-1,即长序榆幼苗是一光适应幅度较大的植物。偏相关分析表明光合有效辐射（PAR）和大气温度（Ta）是决定其净光合速率的主要环境因子。     

白榆/刺槐互作条件下土壤与植物养分季节变化

采用盆栽试验对白榆（Ulmus pumila）单作（BB）、刺槐（Robinia pseudocacia）单作（CC）及白榆/刺槐（U.pumila-R.pseudocacia.）互作（BC）（3种互作方式：根系不分隔（N）、根系用尼龙网（L）分隔和根系用塑料膜（P）分隔）及两种施肥方式（施肥处理（F）和不施肥处理（N））下土壤pH值、土壤养分及植株N、P养分吸收总量的季节变化进行了研究。结果表明,不同处理土壤pH值从5—9月呈增加趋势,互作中根系不分隔处理和根系用尼龙网分隔处理降低土壤的pH值效果较明显;各处理w（土壤有机质）在7月份较高,其中施肥处理〉不施肥处理,在3种互作方式中,w（土壤有机质）大小顺序为：根系不分隔〉根系用尼龙网分隔〉根系用塑料模分隔;随着季节的变化,不同处理土壤销态氮含量呈降低趋势。在白榆、刺槐整个生长期内,w（NH4＋-N）占绝大部分,w（NO3--N）极少,由此说明在白榆、刺槐整个生长期吸收的氮素形态主要是NH4＋-N。不同处理白榆、刺槐植株的N、P养分吸收总量从5月到9月呈现不断增加趋势,至9月达到最大。互作植物N、P养分吸收总量均高于其相应的单作,但不同互作方式对N、P养分吸收总量的变化不同。在3种互作方式中,改善土壤养分状况及植株N、P养分吸收总量的最优互作方式为根系不分隔施肥处理（BCNF）。     

薜荔瘦果的营养成分研究

首次对薜荔（ＦｉｃｕｓｐｕｍｉｌａＬ．）瘦果进行营养成分分析,结果表明：薜荔花被果胶含量为３２７０％,蛋白质含量为３８０％,总糖含量为２０３３％,总黄酮含量为１５１４％；薜荔种子果胶含量为１５１５％,蛋白质含量为１５７０％,粗纤维含量为２６２０％,总黄酮含量为２０８％；种子含油率高达３０１３％,油的多不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸的比值（ＰＵＦＡ／ＳＦ）为１０９３；薜荔瘦果的维生素和矿质元素含量也很丰富。研究结果为合理开发研制薜荔保健食品提供科学依据     

濒危植物脱皮榆种群结构与分布格局研究

对山西南部中条山和霍山脱皮榆的种群结构与分布格局进行了研究,其中根据大小结构图和存活曲线分析脱皮榆种群动态,应用扩散系数、聚集指数、平均拥挤度、聚块性指数、聚集强度、Cassie指数(1/K)、Poisson分布和负二项分布的χ2拟合检验等方法研究分布格局.结果表明,脱皮榆种群幼苗个体比例较大,总体上近于增长型种群.脱皮榆分布格局呈聚集型,这主要与物种本身的生物学和生态学特性密切相关,同时受群落内生境异质性的影响.图2表2参14