2011—2013年广州市道路交通噪声监测与分析

在2013年10—12月期间,选取了广州市58条道路和20栋噪声敏感建筑物进行噪声监测,与2011—2012年监测数据相比较,综合分析了广州市道路交通噪声的现状和变化规律。分析表明:广州市昼夜道路交通噪声以71 d B和70 d B为中心上下波动。对于2013年监测数据,噪声敏感建筑物昼夜噪声均值为65.1 d B和64.6 d B,夜间最大突发噪声均值为80.7 d B。此外还计算了每条道路的昼夜噪声频率重心,结果显示,广州市道路昼夜交通噪声频率重心分布基本相同,以1 000~2 000 Hz最为集中。     

《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》下的生物多样性监测

生物多样性监测是执行和评估《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性保护框架》（简称《昆-蒙框架》）长期目标和行动指标所需要的关键数据的主要来源。简要介绍了《昆-蒙框架》下的全球生物多样性观测网络（The global biodiversity observation network,GEO BON）概况、中国已有的生物多样性监测/观测网络,构建全球生物多样性观测系统（A global biodiversity observation system,GBiOS）的目的和核心监测指标,分析了生物多样性监测网络建设的一般步骤和GEO BON建议的4种生物多样性监测新方法。提出,地理空间单元与生物类群的全覆盖监测是建设生物多样性监测网络的主要目标,传统监测方法和新监测技术的互补是当前生物多样性监测的重点工作内容。     

我国噪声与振动控制工程学的发展环境探讨

论述了我国声环境的现状,分析了我国噪声与振动法规标准的现状与前景;提出了噪声与振动控制（NVC）工程的服务业本质,并指出NVC工程学的任务和发展趋势,最后,就NVC工程学在我国发展的市场环境、政策环境、体制环境做了探讨和分析。     

城市道路交通噪声对两侧建筑物室内外的影响

通过布设不同类型的多个点位,对山东省某城市多条道路两侧建筑物的室内外交通噪声进行了测量,并对实测数据进行了分析。结果表明,为降低道路两侧建筑物的环境噪声,通过在道路与两侧建筑物之间的区域采取降噪措施,降噪幅度是有限的;为降低建筑物内的房间噪声,通过对建筑物本身采取噪声防护措施,降噪效果明显。     

Assessing the Acoustical Climate of Underground Stations

Designing a proper acoustical environment—indispensable to speech recognition—in long enclosures is difficult. Although there is some literature on the acoustical conditions in underground stations, there is still little information about methods that make estimation of correct reverberation conditions possible. This paper discusses the assessment of the reverberation conditions of underground stations. A comparison of the measurements of reverberation time in Warsaw’s underground stations with calculated data proves there are divergences between measured and calculated early decay time values, especially for long source–receiver distances. Rapid speech transmission index values for measured stations are also presented.     

Determinants of noise annoyance in teachers from schools with different classroom reverberation times

A high proportion of school teachers report that they are disturbed by noise during teaching. The aim of the study was therefore to identify determinants of self-reported noise exposure and disturbance attributed to noise among secondary school teachers (n = 419) in 10 schools in Copenhagen, Denmark. The schools were selected to show contrasts in classroom reverberation times (RT), and were classified as “Short RT” (3 schools, mean RT 0.41–0.45 s), “Medium RT” (3 schools, mean RT 0.51–0.55 s) and “Long RT” (4 schools, mean RT 0.62–0.73 s). Significant determinants of self-reported noise exposure were a high number of children in the class, young age of the children, and low teacher seniority. “Long RT” classification was of borderline significance. Significant determinants of disturbance attributed to noise from children in the class were teacher seniority and “Long RT” acoustic classification of the school. The associations between work characteristics and noise disturbance measures were attenuated by low self-rated work capacity, suggesting that the consequences of noise and poor acoustics may not be limited to disturbance attributed to noise, but may have a wide negative impact on the perceived working environment.     

扬州市音乐厅建声设计与音质评价

介绍了扬州文化艺术中心664座音乐厅音质设计思想、技术指标及建声措施,并运用厅堂音质计算机模拟软件Odeon对音乐厅音质进行了模拟,模拟结果与实测结果的误差分析则表明顶部灯光孔对音质的影响必须避免。而在音乐厅内进行的主观音质评价结果则证明音乐厅民乐演出的音质效果是令人满意的。     

一种用于特高压换流变压器的通风降噪装置

为降低换流站噪声,研制了一种用于特高压换流变压器的通风降噪装置。该装置在保证换流变通风散热性能的同时,可有效地降低换流变本体及其散热风机辐射至外环境的噪声,并具有结构简单、造价低廉、方便实用等优点。     

基于小孔喷注理论的复合式小孔消声器设计

目的降低某型飞机ECS系统空气散热器性能试验台管路产生的高温高速排气噪声。方法依据小孔喷注控制噪声理论,设计由4层穿孔板吸声结构组成的复合式小孔消声器。结果经试验测定,噪声声压级降低了35 dB(A)。结论设计的消声器消除了由临界孔板产生的刺耳的高频阻塞噪声,降低了噪声总声压级。降噪效果明显,可为类似管路气流噪声的消声设计提供参考。     

Modeling Effectiveness of Gradual Increases in Source Level to Mitigate Effects of Sonar on Marine Mammals

Ramp‐up or soft‐start procedures (i.e., gradual increase in the source level) are used to mitigate the effect of sonar sound on marine mammals, although no one to date has tested whether ramp‐up procedures are effective at reducing the effect of sound on marine mammals. We investigated the effectiveness of ramp‐up procedures in reducing the area within which changes in hearing thresholds can occur. We modeled the level of sound killer whales (Orcinus orca) were exposed to from a generic sonar operation preceded by different ramp‐up schemes. In our model, ramp‐up procedures reduced the risk of killer whales receiving sounds of sufficient intensity to affect their hearing. The effectiveness of the ramp‐up procedure depended strongly on the assumed response threshold and differed with ramp‐up duration, although extending the duration of the ramp up beyond 5 min did not add much to its predicted mitigating effect. The main factors that limited effectiveness of ramp up in a typical antisubmarine warfare scenario were high source level, rapid moving sonar source, and long silences between consecutive sonar transmissions. Our exposure modeling approach can be used to evaluate and optimize mitigation procedures. Modelado de la Efectividad de los Incrementos Graduales en el Nivel de la Fuente para Mitigar Efectos de Sonar sobre Mamíferos Marinos