Diminution of migration of phthalic acid esters in tequila beverage by the year of production

Abstract

The presence of diethyl-phthalate (DEP), dibutyl-phthalate (DBP), butylbenzyl-phthalate (BBP), diethylhexyl-phthalate (DEHP) and diisononyl-phthalate (DINP) was determined in 295 tequila samples. They were grouped by age of maturation (white, aged, extra aged or ultra aged) and year of production (between 2013 and 2018). Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry was used for identification and quantification. The results showed that 65 samples (22% of the total) were phthalate free. DEP (0.13-0.27?mg/kg), BBP (0.05–2.91?mg/kg) and DINP (1.64–3.43?mg/kg) were detected in 11 (3.73%), 37 (12.54%) and 5 (1.69%) samples, respectively. But, these concentrations did not exceed the maximum permitted limits (MPL) of phthalates for alcoholic beverages. DBP (0.01–2.20?mg/kg) and DEHP (0.03–4.64?mg/kg) were detected in 96 (32.54%) and 224 (75.93%) samples, from them only 10 (3.39%) and 15 (5.08%) samples, respectively, exceeded the MPL for alcoholic beverages and they were few tequilas produced in the year 2014 or before. DEHP was the most frequent phthalate found in tequila and observed DEHP concentrations were 2-times higher in ultra aged tequilas compared to those in white tequilas. We concluded that all tequilas produced in 2015 and after, satisfied the international standards for these compounds.     

外循环式UASB反应器处理高浓度酒精废水

利用改进型上流式厌氧污泥床反应器在中温条件下处理高浓度酒精废水,研究反应器的启动影响因素及颗粒污泥形成过程,分析反应器运行特性。在容积负荷为10.39 kg COD/(m3.d),COD去除率达90.2%,VFA在300 mg/L以下,平均产气率为0.328 m3/kg COD,取得最佳的运行效果,为高浓度酒精废水的处理应用提供科学依据。     

葡多酚对口服乙醇小鼠肝细胞PCNA和Bcl-2表达的影响

为观察葡多酚(GPC)对小鼠乙醇性肝损伤的防护作用,将每天经口灌胃给予4 g·(kg·bw)-1乙醇的小鼠同时分别给予不同剂量的GPC,30 d后处死小鼠;取肝组织用MTT法检测各组小鼠肝细胞的增殖活性,用免疫组化法和图像分析方法检测PCNA和Bcl-2表达水平.结果显示:GPC高剂量组16 h的肝细胞增殖活性为0.4...     

酒精废醪液在酒精生产中的再利用

精酒废醪液静置冷却后直接回用于酒精生产，按回用40m^3/d计，可减少COD排放约4000kg/d，并能取得一定的社会效益和经济效益。     

绿豆贡菊功能性饮料的研制

采用感官评定和正交试验法对绿豆贡菊功能性饮料的工艺和配方进行了探讨,确定绿豆贡菊功能性饮料的最佳配方,即绿豆液用量6％、贡菊液用量O．25％、柠檬酸用量0．025％、阿斯巴甜用量0．012％。该产品为淡黄色、澄清饮料,其主要功能成分为黄酮类物质,含量为1．08％,饮料pH为4．6,适用于高血脂症、动脉粥样硬化患者和普通人群食用。     

纤维素不同途径水解酸化效果对比研究

农作物秸秆结构复杂,酸化效果可能与传统糖类物料不一致。为方便考察纤维素类物料厌氧酸化效果,文章选取成分相对单一的滤纸为原料,考察了酶活浓度、反应时间、酵母菌接种量(F/M)等因素对纤维素经纤维素酶和酵母菌联合作用后的乙醇、乙酸产量的影响,及对厌氧发酵过程的影响分析。结果表明,当纤维素酶单独作用时,酶活浓度120 U/g、温度50℃、pH值4.8、水解24 h时可获得最大葡萄糖产率:73.7 mg/g(转化率为24.9%);纤维素酶和酵母菌分步糖化发酵(separate hydrolysis and fermentation,SHF)工艺中,F/M值为2:1、反应96 h可得最大乙醇产率:119.3 mg/g(转化率为42%);纤维素酶和酵母菌同步糖化发酵(simultaneous saccharification andfermentation,SSF)工艺中,F/M值为1:2、反应120 h得到最大乙醇产率:396.0 mg/g(转化率为58.2%)。F/M值为2:1、反应120 h时,SSF工艺比SHF工艺的乙醇产量提高了34.91%。     

Comparison of gas chromatography and immunoassay methods in quantifying fenitrothion residues in grape juice processed into alcoholic drinks

Abstract

Wine and Arak, the national alcoholic drink in Lebanon, were prepared from grape juice fortified with fenitrothion to a concentration of 20ppm. Samples of the 11 fractions produced by the fermentation and distillation steps were analyzed for fenitrothion residues using gas chromatography (GC) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results of residue analyses showed that the two techniques were highly correlated (r = 0.978) and indicated that fenitrothion was stable during the fermentation steps but not during distillation. The clarified wine 35 days later contained about 85% (15.3 ppm) of the fenitrothion concentration found in the juice as determined by GC analysis. Arak was prepared by a two‐steps distillation of the clarified wine. The alcohol distillate and undistilled fraction from the first distillation contained 2.5 ppm and 5.8 ppm of fenitrothion, respectively. No fenitrothion residues were detected by both techniques in the four fractions collected from the second distillation step.     

Fate of DDT and parathion in grapes processed into Arak,an alcoholic beverage

Abstract

Arak, the national alcoholic drink in Lebanon, was prepared from grapes to which either DDT or parathion had been added. Samples of the nine fractions produced from the fermentation and distillation steps were analyzed for DDT and parathion and their respective metabolites.

DDT degraded to DDD during the fermentation step resulting in a sharp decrease in DDT level. The two distillation steps contributed to a further decrease in the DDT level so that the final product contained less than 2% of the amount found in the fresh grape juice. Although the concentration of DDD increased sharply during fermentation, it also decreased to a negligible level during the subsequent distillation procedure.

Parathion was more stable than DDT during the fermentation and first distillation steps. However, the second distillation process caused a share decline in its level and the Arak contained only about 6% of the residues present in the fresh juice, paranitrophenol being the only metabolite detected.     

糖厂酒精废醪液资源化实例

连续运行3个榨季表明采用资源化治理技术"三废",废水和废气达标排放,将原来的污染物全部转化为微生物肥.‘‘资源化治理糖厂污染是一项具有环境效益、社会效益和经济效益的技术.     

Behavior of dialifor,dimethoate, and methidathion in artificially fortified grape juice processed into wine

Abstract

Dialifor and methidathion were added to diluted “Zinfandel”; grape concentrate at 25 ppm and dimethoate at 1.0 and 25 ppm prior to fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The finished wine 56 days later contained 10% (2.5 ppm) of the dialifor, 46% (12 ppm) of the methidathion and 85% (21 and 0.98 ppm) of the dimethoate added to the grape must. Residues in wine stored at 24°C dissipated by hydrolysis; half‐lives in wine were 7 days for dialifor and methidathion and 30 days for dimethoate. Residues were unchanged in wine in frozen storage for one year. Analysis of seven commercial wines for dimethoate indicated less than 0.03 ppm dimethoate was present; identity could not be confirmed by thin‐layer chromatography at this level.