任意风向时的线源扩散模式研究

给出了一个适用于风向与公路成任意夹角的有限长线源的扩散模式;讨论了不同风向、线源长度等,对线源中心下风距离的污染物地面浓度的影响;并将这个模式与CALINE-2模式和风洞试验结果进行了比较。     

Isometric Pull and Push Strengths of Paraplegics in the Workspace: 2. Statistical Analysis of Spatial Factors

The effect of reach levels, horizontal angles, and vertical angles on isometric pull and push strengths of male and female was determined. Highly significant increases in men’s push strength were found between extreme to maximum reaches, and from extreme to normal reaches. However, for women’s push strength, a significant increase was found only between extreme to maximum reach. Significant or highly significant increases were found in men’s and women’s pull strength between the horizontal angle (θ) sagittal through the active shoulder (90°) and other angles (0, 45, and 135°). However, for men’s push strength, highly significant increases were found between the horizontal angle 45° from the frontal plane, and other angles. For women’s push strength, significant or highly significant increases were found between the horizontal angles 0° and angles of 90 and 135°. For men’s and women’s pull strength, significant or highly significant increases were found between the vertical angle (?), 90°, and other angles (–20, 0, and 45°). Similar increases were found for women’s push strength between the 45° angle and other angles. In the design of a workstation for paraplegics that requires pull and push forces, consideration must be given to the spatial factors.     

太阳高度角对太湖水体真光层深度变化的影响分析

在假定水体表面为镜面、水体中无内光源、无非弹性散射的前提下,通过Kirk的辐射传输理论,研究了太湖水体中不同的太阳高度角对真光层深度变化的影响.结果表明,散射系数与吸收系数的比(b/a)值的大小是决定太阳高度角对真光层深度影响的关键因子,b/a315时,太阳高度角对真光层深度的影响较小,基本可以忽略.针对秋季太湖区域而言,在较短波段(400~540nm)b/a的值在整个湖区均较小,此时要考虑太阳高度角对真光层深度的影响;在较长波段(540~700nm), b/a的值在整个湖区均较大,可以不考虑太阳高度角对真光层深度的影响.     

气溶胶在不同倾角裂隙中穿透率研究

为研究气溶胶在自然界不同倾角岩体裂隙中的穿透率,对理想模型进行了理论分析计算,并在实验室用钢板制做模拟裂隙置于不同角度进行实验。结果表明:实测值与修正后的理论计算值吻合较好,对于有一定倾角的规则尺寸岩体裂隙可以通过修正后的理论计算公式得到气溶胶在其中的穿透率;随着水平倾角的交替改变(-90°~90°),气溶胶穿透率呈现周期性变化,随着相对角度(0°~90°,0°~-90°)的增加,气溶胶穿透率明显上升,且大粒径粒子尤为明显,小粒径粒子受角度影响较小;随着侧面倾角增大(0°~90°),气溶胶粒子穿透率逐渐上升(尤其是大粒径气溶胶粒子);裂隙呈水平状态时,气溶胶在其中的穿透率最低。裂隙倾角变化,对小粒径气溶胶粒子穿透率影响不大,对大粒径气溶胶粒子穿透率影响较为明显。     

Guidelines for Riparian Vegetative Shade Restoration Based Upon a Theoretical Shaded‐Stream Model1

Abstract: Guidelines for riparian vegetative shade restoration were developed using a theoretical model of total daily radiation received by a shaded stream. The model assumed stream shading by nontransmitting, vertical or overhanging, solid vegetation planes in infinitely long reaches. Radiation components considered in the model were direct beam shortwave on the stream centerline, diffuse atmospheric shortwave, shortwave reflected by vegetation, atmospheric longwave, and longwave emitted by vegetation. Potential or extraterrestrial shortwave irradiation theory was used to compute beam shortwave radiation received at the stream centerline, and view factor theory was used to compute diffuse radiation exchange among stream, vegetation, and atmospheric planes. Model shade effects under clear skies were dominated by reductions in receipt of direct beam shortwave radiation. Model shade effects with cloudy skies were dominated by the “view factor effect” or the decreases in diffuse shortwave and longwave radiation from the atmosphere balanced against increases in longwave radiation from vegetation. Model shade effects on shortwave radiation reflected by vegetation were found to be negligible. The model was used to determine the vegetation height (H) to stream width (W) ratios needed to achieve 50, 75, and 90 % shade restoration for mid‐latitude conditions on clear and cloudy days. Ratios of vegetation height to stream width, for dense nontransmitting vegetation, generally ranged from 1.4 to 2.3 for 75% shade restoration at a mid‐latitude site (40°N). The model was used to show H/W needed for E‐W vs. N‐S stream azimuths, varying stream latitudes between 30° and 50°N, channels with overhanging vegetation, channels undergoing width changes, as well as the limits to shade restoration on very wide channels.     

Characteristics of Muscular Load in Computer Data Entry Workers Assessed by EMG and Postural Angles

The goal of this study was to characterize the muscular load in computer data entry workers. Electromyography (EMG) parameters of trapezius muscle and postural angles of head, arm, and back were chosen as indicators of musculoskeletal load. The examination was done according to the methods and protocol of international MEPS studies (the “Musculoskeletal, Visual, and Psychosocial Load in VDT [Video Display Terminal] Operators in Optimized Environment” international program). The musculoskeletal load during routine VDT data entry work performed by a group of 36 women was assessed on the basis of 1-hr physiometer recordings. Results show that the musculoskeletal load associated with data entry is relatively high compared to other VDT operators’ tasks described in the literature. An analysis of the measured parameters shows that most of the time women worked with a muscular load higher than optimal. It is postulated that the main reason for the heavy musculoskeletal load was improper posture compelled by unergonomic spatial configuration of work stands.     

多角度辨识压裂套管变形的失效影响因素

页岩气开发具有施工压力大、排量大、改造规模大的特点,使得压裂套管处于复杂力学环境中。挤压、剪切和弯曲等载荷共同作用,易引发套管挤毁变形,进而导致后续作业时井下工具下入遇阻。但目前研究多针对压裂套管的单一失效原因,难以保障其完整可靠性。鉴于此,针对页岩气大规模压裂作业特点,从不同薄弱位置（如垂直段、造斜段、水平段）、不同自身规格（如钢级、外径、壁厚）和不同约束条件（如内压、孔径、螺距）等多角度,系统辨识套管变形的失效影响因素。通过建立压裂套管三维模拟的有限元模型,分析套管内压变化引起套管应力、位移的变化规律及形态,明确套管变形的大小以及与载荷变化的关系,并揭示套管变形的位置及影响因素的临界值。结果表明:压裂套管的造斜段最大变形、水平段应力集中现象较为严重,属于危险脆弱点;且套管最大应力、最大位移随内压的增加而近似成线性降低关系。