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Shinnosuke Nakayama Reiji Masuda Masaru Tanaka 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(9):1383-1390
Grouping behavior has various types of antipredator functions. Some of these functions require social transmission of information,
such as the many-eyes effect, whereas others do not, such as the dilution and confusion effects. Functions of grouping behavior
would enhance with social transmission among group members. We investigated and compared the onsets of schooling behavior
and social transmission of information in chub mackerel Scomber japonicus. Onset of schooling behavior was observed in rearing tanks by calculating the degree of parallel swimming. Onset of social
transmission was examined by using visual cues from conspecifics. A group of five individuals was put in each of three experimental
chambers from which they could see a group of conspecifics in the neighboring chamber. A weak electric stimulus was given
to one of these chambers, and information transfer among individuals was observed. We found that social transmission by visual
cues started on 30 days posthatching (25.1 mm in standard length), which was 2 weeks after the onset of schooling behavior.
The late onset of social transmission relative to schooling behavior might be attributed to different predation pressure with
development, or by underdevelopment of optic tectum, as the volume of the optic tectum did not increase just after the onset
of schooling behavior. 相似文献
2.
Brian?D.?WisendenEmail author Mike?S.?Pollock Robyn?J.?Tremaine Jeff?M.?Webb Monique?E.?Wismer Douglas?P.?Chivers 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2003,54(5):485-490
Chemical and visual sources of information are used by aquatic prey during risk assessment. Here, we test the behavioral response of littoral prey fish to combinations of chemical alarm cues (skin extract) and the visual presence of a fish shoal. We scented minnow traps with either alarm cues or water (control) placed inside the trap, a jar that contained either a fish shoal or nothing (control), and recorded the number and species of fish captured. We predicted that chemical alarm cues would reduce the number of fish captured and that a fish shoal would increase the number of fish captured. The predicted effect of chemical and visual cues combined depended on the nature of the interaction. We found that the lowest catch rate was for the combination of alarm cue + no shoal, but the highest catch rate occurred for the combination of alarm cue + shoal. Fish shoal + water had the second highest catch rate and no shoal + water had the second lowest catch rate. We conclude that chemical alarm cues induce area avoidance in the absence of a shoal, but a strong behavioral proclivity to increase shoal cohesion in the presence of a shoal. The presence of a shoal in the traps induced alarmed fish to shoal with them and thus, enter the traps. This occurred even though traps were the source of the alarm cue.Communicated by A. Mathis 相似文献
3.
王媛原 《安全.健康和环境》2014,(1):41-44
分析了在苯系物事故应急救援中,苯系物事故应急救援对环境造成的影响,提出了避免造成环境污染的对策。 相似文献
4.
Innate antipredator responses of Arctic charr (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Salvelinus alpinus</Emphasis>) depend on predator species and their diet 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The ability to discriminate between more dangerous and less dangerous predators can have serious fitness advantages for fish juveniles. This is especially true for hatchery-reared fish young used for stocking, because their post-release mortality is often much higher than that of wild-born conspecifics. We tested whether two coexisting fish predators and their different diets induce innate behavioral responses in predator-naive Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) young originating from an endangered hatchery-bred population used for re-introductions. We predicted the antipredator responses of charr to be stronger towards chemical cues of brown trout (Salmo trutta) and pikeperch (Stizostedion lucioperca) than towards odorless control water. More pronounced antipredator behavior was predicted in treatments with predators fed on charr than when their diet consisted of another sympatric salmonid, European grayling (Thymallus thymallus), or when they were food-deprived. The Arctic charr young showed strong antipredator responses in all brown trout treatments, whereas odors of the less likely predator pikeperch were avoided with conspecific diet only. Freezing was the most sensitive antipredator behavior, as it was completely absent in control treatments. We found considerable individual variation in the amount and strength of antipredator responses. Although almost half of the charr failed to show antipredator behavior towards the piscivores, those with the innate ability showed highly sensitive recognition of predator odors. Our results indicate that the innate antipredator behavior of the juvenile fish is already finely tuned to respond specifically to chemical cues from different fish predators and even their diets.Communicated by J. Krause 相似文献
5.
Hora RR Ionescu-Hirsh A Simon T Delabie J Robert J Fresneau D Hefetz A 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2008,95(1):55-60
In the ectatommine ant Ectatomma tuberculatum, the visual appearance of queens changes after mating and ovarian development in that their cuticle turns from shiny to matte.
In this study, we have shown that this change seems to be caused by 15-fold accumulation of hydrocarbons, in particular heptacosane
that covers the multiple grooves present on the cuticular surface creating a wax coat in mated fully fertile queens. Analyses
of the scrapped wax revealed that it is composed largely of heptacosane. Peak-by-peak comparison of the cuticular hydrocarbon
(CHC) composition of mated, virgin with developed ovaries and virgin with nondeveloped ovaries revealed significant differences
between the queen groups. Although the total amount of the CHC of virgin queens with developed ovaries was not higher than
virgin queens that did not have developed ovaries, the composition showed a shift toward the mated queen. While it is possible
that the large accumulation of hydrocarbons may give extra physical and chemical protection to queens, we propose that the
switch in the relative abundance of heptacosane and nonacosane and perhaps of other components is indicative of being a mating
and fertility cue. This is the first report in social insects where external chemical changes are accompanied by changes in
visual appearance. 相似文献
6.
M. S. Pollock R. G. Friesen R. J. Pollock R. C. Kusch D. P. Chivers 《Chemoecology》2005,15(4):205-209
Summary. All animals are vulnerable to predation at some point in their lives and consequently prey organisms often develop effective
risk assessment systems. For many aquatic species predation risk assessment occurs through the use of olfactory cues, including
predator odours and alarm cues from damaged or disturbed conspecifics. When aquatic species encounter conspecific alarm cues
they may respond, or not, based on specific information including cue concentration, health and size of the conspecific donor
and potentially the gender and breeding condition of the donor. Previous laboratory studies have demonstrated that fathead
minnows (Pimephales promelas) fail to respond to the skin extracts of breeding male minnows. The purpose of the current study was to verify these early
laboratory findings in the field as well as to further investigate the effect of female reproductive state and donor gender
on the response of minnows to damage-release alarm cues. Our results indicate that male breeding condition has a significant
effect on how minnows will respond to conspecific cues. Minnows showed avoidance of cues of female minnows and male minnows
not in breeding condition, in comparison to cues of breeding male minnows and cues of male and female swordtails. Neither
the gender of non-breeding minnows nor the reproductive state of female minnows influenced the avoidance of minnows to alarm
cues. 相似文献
7.
Michael E. Fraker 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(7):1201-1205
The activity level of prey reflects a trade-off between predation risk and foraging gain. A number of theoretical and empirical
studies have shown that a prey's energetic state or the level of its resource should influence this trade-off (i.e., what
the optimal activity level at a level of predation risk is). Here, I show that the energetic state of prey may also influence
the duration of their antipredator behavioral response. Green frog tadpoles (Rana clamitans) reduced their activity level for a shorter time during exposure to the chemical cue of predatory larval dragonflies (Anax spp.) as their time since last feeding increased (i.e., as their energetic state decreased). Interestingly, the tadpoles
strongly reduced their activity level upon cue exposure in all treatments. Thus, the relative activity level of tadpoles at
different energetic states varied over time. 相似文献
8.
Michael E. Fraker 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2009,63(10):1397-1402
Many prey assess predation risk through predator chemical cues. Numerous studies have shown that (1) prey sometimes respond
to chemical cues produced by heterospecifics and (2) that many species are capable of associative learning. This study extends
this research by focusing on predation risk assessment and antipredator behavior in environments containing chemical cues
produced by multiple prey species. The results show that green frog (Rana clamitans) tadpoles (1) assess risk from the chemical cue produced during predation by a heterospecific (gray tree frog, Hyla versicolor, tadpoles) and (2) can exhibit similarly strong behavioral responses to a mix of conspecific and heterospecific cues compared
to conspecific cue alone, depending on their conditioning environment. I then discuss how the prey choice of the predators
and the relative abundances of the prey species should influence the informational value of heterospecific cues. 相似文献
9.
Summary. While the response to damage-released chemical alarm cues within the superorder Ostariophysi appears to be highly conserved
across species, it is generally observed that the intensity of response to heterospecific alarm cues decreases with increasing
phylogenetic distance. Recent studies have demonstrated that purine-N-oxides function as chemical alarm cues within Ostariophyian fishes and that the nitrogen-oxide functional group is conserved
as the chief molecular trigger. According to the purine-ratio hypothesis, these cross-species differences may be due to the
relative proportion of different carrier compounds associated with the nitrogen-oxide molecular trigger. To test this hypothesis,
we exposed glowlight tetras (Hemigrammus erythrozonus, Characidae, Ostariophysi) to one of five synthetic stimuli (hypoxanthine-3-N-oxide (H3NO), pyridine-N-oxide (PNO) or mixed stimuli of 75 % H3NO-25 % PNO, 50 % H3NO-50 % PNO, or 25 % H3NO-75 % PNO), natural conspecific chemical
alarm cue or a distilled water control. We quantified changes in shoal cohesion and vertical area use as species typical indicators
of an antipredator response. As predicted, response intensity decreased as the ratio of hypoxanthine-3-N-oxide to pyridine-N-oxide decreased and the strongest response was to natural alarm cue. These results suggest that species-specific carrier
compounds may account for the well-documented cross-species differences in the response to heterospecific alarm cues within
phylogenetically related taxa. 相似文献
10.
Grant E. Brown Camille J. Macnaughton Chris K. Elvidge Indar Ramnarine Jean-Guy J. Godin 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2009,63(5):699-706
The antipredator behaviour of prey organisms is shaped by a series of threat-sensitive trade-offs between the benefits associated
with successful predator avoidance and a suite of other fitness-related behaviours such as foraging, mating and territorial
defence. Recent research has shown that the overall intensity of antipredator response and the pattern of threat-sensitive
trade-offs are influenced by current conditions, including variability in predation risk over a period of days to weeks. In
this study, we tested the hypothesis that long-term predation pressure will likewise have shaped the nature of the threat-sensitive
antipredator behaviour of wild-caught Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Female guppies were collected from two populations that have evolved under high- and low-predation pressure, respectively,
in the Aripo River, Northern Mountain Range, Trinidad. Under laboratory conditions, we exposed shoals of three guppies to
varying concentrations of conspecific damage-released chemical alarm cues. Lower Aripo (high-predation) guppies exhibited
the strongest antipredator response when exposed to the highest alarm cue concentration and a graded decline in response intensity
with decreasing concentrations of alarm cue. Upper Aripo (low-predation) guppies, however, exhibited a nongraded (hypersensitive)
response pattern. Our results suggest that long-term predation pressure shapes not only the overall intensity of antipredator
responses of Trinidadian guppies but also their threat-sensitive behavioural response patterns. 相似文献
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