Where Sustainable Transport and Social Exclusion Meet: Households Without Cars and Car Dependence in Great Britain

Abstract

A secondary analysis of the British National Travel Survey for the years 2002–2010 shows that the composition of the group of carless households is a good indicator of the level of car dependence in a local area: indeed, while non-car ownership in peripheral and rural areas very often correspond to a marginal socio-demographic situation, this is less and less true as one moves towards larger urban areas. Similarly, while in sparse areas most households without cars are either virtually immobile or reliant on car lifts, in large urban areas the ‘mobility gap’ between car-owning and carless households is considerably smaller, as the latter are able to use modal alternatives to the car. These findings are interpreted with reference to an integrated theoretical framework, showing how changes in land use and the environmental and social impacts of increasing motorization are intimately linked. Notably, the consequences of the self-reinforcing cycle of car dependence on two forms of car-related transport disadvantage (car deprivation and forced car ownership) are highlighted. Overall, the article highlights how the socio-demographic composition and the travel behaviour of carless households vary systematically across different types of area: this has interesting implications for sustainable transport policy and research.     

整合分析在生态学应用中的优势及存在的问题

整合分析(meta-analysis)是对同一主题下多个独立实验结果进行综合的统计学方法，被认为是到目前为止最好的数量综合方法。结合实例讨论了整合分析在生态学应用中的优势及存在的问题，并介绍了一些解决问题的方法。有明确的选择文献标准、给出了测量指标…效应值、设计严密，分析结果客观性强是其优点；在生态学应用中最严重的问题是选择效应值时面临的生物学意义和统计学特性不能兼顾，其它不足之处主要有选择文献时面临的数据缺失、原文献数据的非正态分布、文章的发表偏见、非随机性选择独立研究等。     

Evidence of the impacts of the national housing programme on the accessibility of the low‐income population in Rio de Janeiro

The Brazilian shift from a primarily rural to a more urban society has created major challenges that public policies must address. One of the most relevant challenges is deep social exclusion in urban areas, especially in terms of adequate housing and access to urban opportunities (e.g., jobs, housing, and services). In this context, land use and transport planning play a critical role in the sustainable development agenda. The work presented here analyses the accessibility of low‐income dwellings licenced under the Brazilian housing programme to the low‐income population. To evaluate the accessibility of the programme's target population, a case study was conducted in the city of Rio de Janeiro, where 58,000 homes licensed under the programme were analysed using GIS tools in terms of the present public transport network and the location of the homes. The amount of time it takes to access public transport on foot and the homes’ locations in relation to major urban opportunities were also analysed. Finally, the same analysis was performed for the future transport network, and the results of the two analyses were compared to identify the scope of the legacy generated by investments in preparation for the 2016 network.     

循环流化床锅炉传统干法脱硫缺陷的分析与改进

结合兖矿国宏化工公司2台160t／h循环流化床锅炉脱硫工艺,从脱硫效率、系统维护、运行成本等方面进行循环流化床锅炉传统干法脱硫缺陷分析,提出了系统改进措施。     

长江上游陡坡耕地退耕的难点与对策

长江上游属于 2 5°以上的陡坡退耕还林地面积达 170万hm2 ,是长江上游水土流失的重要策源地 ,严重制约了该区域社会经济的可持续发展。因此 ,实行陡坡耕地退耕还林是建设长江上游生态屏障的重要组成部分 ,也是生态建设的主要内容之一。本文较为系统地论述了陡坡耕地的形成原因与危害 ,以及退耕的难点与有利时机 ,并探讨了详细分析了主要对策     

现代水务行业综合评价方法研究

文章研究了目前水务行业常用的几种现代综合评价方法的原理、特点、优缺点及其具体应用情况,包括模糊综合评价法,层次分析法,数据包络分析法,人工神经网络评价法,灰色综合评价法等,通过总结分析这些方法,为水务行业实际应用者提供了一些方法选择上的甄选原则。     

区域生态产业链构建优劣势条件与途径分析——-以东莞市为例

文章以国际知名制造业基地——广东省东莞市为例,依据生态产业化相关理论,结合区域社会经济环境实际情况,对生态产业链构建优劣势条件及其途径进行了分析,并提出了相关对策。     

常规废水生物处理方法优缺点比较及生物处理技术新进展

对目前常用的废水生物处理方法的优缺点作了简要的总结、比较。介绍了微生物在废水处理中的一些特殊作用及一些新的生物处理技术。