阳春春湾柴草自燃现象与地震活动关系探讨

通过对广东省阳春市春湾镇龙虎坑村柴草自燃现象与地震活动时间序列以及对自燃区地质地貌、断层气测量等研究,认为,自燃现象与强震活动有密切的对应关系;柴草自燃现象是区域构造应力场加强的窗口效应.     

Can Labor Out-Migration Reduce Rrewood Consumption by Rural House- holds in Western Mountainous China

The relationship between out-migration of labor in the Qinling mountain area and households＇ firewood consumption is explored. Migration and remittances reduce households＇ firewood consumption due to i...     

Analysis of household energy consumption and related CO2 emissions in the disregarded villages of Lijiang City,China

Energy is one of the most important elements required for poverty alleviation and socioeconomic development, and it has a particularly strong impact on households in rural areas. An extensive survey on household energy consumption patterns that interrelates socioeconomic and demographic factors was conducted in the disregarded villages of Lijiang City by using the stratified random sampling technique for 120 households. This study focuses on household energy consumption and the related carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in the study area. Firewood, biogas, and electricity were identified as the main energy sources of the rural households. This study demonstrates that 100% of the households use firewood, 52% use biogas, and 95% use electricity as fuel types. On average, each household consumed 1752 kg of firewood, 280 m³ of biogas, and 392 kWh of electricity annually. All households generated an annual average amount of CO₂ emissions of 3851 kg, of which 85.08% come from firewood, 7.66% from biogas, and 7.26% from electricity. Family size, income, and educational level were found to be the major factors that influence CO₂ emissions. The results of this study may be useful in explaining the energy consumption characteristics in the rural areas of Lijiang City and are expected to be useful in policy formulation for energy consumption and environmental protection.     

Can Labor Out-Migration Reduce Firewood Consumption by Rural Households in Western Mountainous China

Abstract

The relationship between out-migration of labor in the Qinling mountain area and households’ firewood consumption is explored. Migration and remittances reduce households’ firewood consumption due to increases in both income and opportunity cost of firewood collection. Previous studies have been equivocal because they ignored uncertainty in household economy, which is widespread in forest areas of less developed countries. This study provides additional insight by considering vulnerability and subjective assessment of poverty generated by unstable income and an uncertain future. We provide evidence that the amount of firewood consumed depends on income and opportunity cost of firewood collection, but also on a prudent consumption strategy, due to farmers’ subjective assessment of their future possible poverty. We also find out-migration of labor can reduce per capita firewood consumption but subjective poverty also acts against reduction of firewood consumption.     

Can Labor Out-Migration Reduce Firewood Consumption by Rural Households in Western Mountainous China

The relationship between out-migration of labor in the Qinling mountain area and households’ firewood consumption is explored. Migration and remittances reduce households’ firewood consumption due to increases in both income and opportunity cost of firewood collection. Previous studies have been equivocal because they ignored uncertainty in household economy, which is widespread in forest areas of less developed countries. This study provides additional insight by considering vulnerability and subjective assessment of poverty generated by unstable income and an uncertain future. We provide evidence that the amount of firewood consumed depends on income and opportunity cost of firewood collection, but also on a prudent consumption strategy, due to farmers’ subjective assessment of their future possible poverty. We also find out-migration of labor can reduce per capita firewood consumption but subjective poverty also acts against reduction of firewood consumption.     

室内木柴燃烧排放水溶性离子粒径分布特征

基于实验室模拟燃烧和稀释通道采样系统,采用荷电低压撞击采样器采集了6种典型木柴燃烧排放的14级粒径段颗粒物.采用离子色谱分析了8种水溶性离子,获得水溶性离子的分粒径排放因子和排放特征.结果表明,Ca²⁺的排放因子呈双峰分布,在0.25~0.38和2.5~3.6μm粒径段出现峰值,分别为0.14和0.16mg/kg.其余离子的排放因子为单峰分布.NH₄⁺、NO₃^-和SO₄^2-的排放因子在0.25~0.38μm粒径段出现峰值,分别为0.41、0.58和0.84mg/kg.K⁺和Cl^-的排放因子在0.15~0.25μm内出现峰值,分别为0.89和0.99mg/kg.木柴燃烧排放总水溶性离子的质量中值粒径为（0.30±0.07）μm,各离子的质量中值粒径范围为0.24~0.44μm.PM_0.094、PM_0.94、PM_2.5和PM₁₀中水溶性离子的排放因子变化范围分别为1.04~9.33、5.00~48.87、5.46~52.00和6.14~53.68mg/kg.木柴燃烧排放颗粒物中K⁺/Cl^-、K⁺/NO₃^-、K⁺/SO₄^2-和SO₄^2-/NO₃^-比值随粒径变化而变化,其排放初始值在应用于源解析和生物质燃烧排放气溶胶传输老化研究时需引起关注.木柴燃烧排放PM₁₀中的阴阳离子当量比值为0.80±0.11,颗粒物的酸度随颗粒物粒径而改变,亚微米颗粒物和细颗粒物的酸度高于超细颗粒物和粗颗粒物的酸度.本研究对构建生物质燃烧排放分粒径水溶性离子清单,更新和改进相关气候和空气质量模型的参数设置,识别烟气传输过程中的老化具有重要意义.     

中国生物质能源的定量评价及其地理分布

利用已有统计资料和数据,定量估算了中国生物质能源的数量,并对其地理分布格局进行了探讨。研究表明:①2004年中国生物质资源实物蕴藏量为:秸秆7.28×10⁸t,主要分布在河南、山东、黑龙江、吉林、四川等省;畜粪39.26×10⁸t,主要分布在河南、山东、四川、河北、湖南等省;林木生物质21.75×10⁸t,主要分布在西藏、四川、云南、黑龙江、内蒙古等省区;城市垃圾1.55×10⁸t,主要分布在广东、山东、黑龙江、湖北、江苏等省;废水482.4×10⁸t,主要分布在广东、江苏、浙江、山东、河南等省;②2004年中国生物质能实物总蕴藏潜力为35.11×10⁸tce,前五位依次为四川、云南、黑龙江、河南和内蒙古;其中理论可获得量为4.6×10⁸tce,前五位为四川、黑龙江、云南、西藏和内蒙古。可获得量中秸秆、薪柴和畜粪所占比例分别达38.9%、36.0%和22.14%;③中国生物质能分布不均,省际差异较大。按农村人口计算,人均理论可获得生物质能最大的西藏自治区达14.17tce,最小的浙江省仅0.15tce。而生物质能蕴藏潜力分布在一定程度上与常规一次能源蕴藏潜力分布呈现互补状态,则更加突出了在一次能源蕴藏量较低的地区开发利用生物质能的巨大潜力。