New bacterial strain of the genus Ochrobactrum with glyphosate-degrading activity

Thirty bacterial strains with various abilities to utilize glyphosate as the sole phosphorus source were isolated from farm soils using the glyphosate enrichment cultivation technique. Among them, a strain showing a remarkable glyphosate-degrading activity was identified by biochemical features and 16S rRNA sequence analysis as Ochrobactrum sp. (GDOS). Herbicide (3 mM) degradation was induced by phosphate starvation, and was completed within 60 h. Aminomethylphosphonic acid was detected in the exhausted medium, suggesting glyphosate oxidoreductase as the enzyme responsible for herbicide breakdown. As it grew even in the presence of glyphosate concentrations as high as 200 mM, Ochrobactrum sp. could be used for bioremediation purposes and treatment of heavily contaminated soils.     

Toxicity of pesticides toward human immune cells U-937 and HL-60

Abstract

The industrialization of the agricultural sector has significantly increased the use of chemicals such as pesticides. Therefore, exposure to them is unavoidable, which makes it necessary to assess their safety for humans at actual exposure doses. This paper aims to determine toxicity of three types of pesticides toward human immune cells (HL-60 and U-937): glyphosate (GLY), deltamethrin (DEL), and chlorothalonil (CHL). Cell viability, membrane integrity, inflammation induction, and antioxidant activity were evaluated to determine differences in cellular response to the tested plant protection agents. In experimental models, all tested substances caused increased mortality of cells after only 24?h. Cell membrane damage was recorded under DEL and CHL influences. The largest disintegration of the cell membrane was due to the action of 100?μg/mL DEL for U-937 and CHL at 1?μg/mL for HL-60. GLY at a concentration of 3,600?μg/mL caused significant peroxidation of U-937 cells’ lipids. CHL-induced inflammation in both types of cells tested. DEL and GLY also induced antioxidant activity in cells. These results lead to the conclusion that the tested pesticides act cytotoxically to the cells of the human immune system in doses to which both farmers and consumers are exposed.     

光电芬顿矿化草甘膦有机废水

以有机磷农药-草甘膦为目标污染物,利用光电芬顿方法对其进行降解研究。研究汇总考察了电流强度、初始pH、Fe2+浓度、草甘膦初始浓度、光种类及通入背景气体种类对草甘膦降解效果的影响。实验结果表明：电流强度越大,草甘膦初始浓度越低,草甘膦降解效果越好;草甘膦在pH=2.0~3.0的酸性体系中降解效果最好;Fe2+浓度升高,草甘膦降解效果增强。在电流为0.36 A、初始pH=3.0、Fe2+浓度为1.0 mmol·L-1、通入100 mL·min-1 O2条件下,以365 nm紫外光照射的光电芬顿反应降解初始浓度为84.5 mg·L-1的草甘膦溶液,处理360 min后溶液矿化率可达64.5%。     

硫脲改性猪粪生物质炭对模拟农田径流中镉和草甘膦吸附特征

为同时去除农田地表径流中的重金属和农药,利用猪粪制备未改性猪粪生物质炭（简称\"未改性生物质炭\"）和硫脲改性猪粪生物质炭（简称\"改性生物质炭\"）,分析比较硫脲改性对生物质炭的pH、元素组成、表面含氧官能团和巯基含量等理化性质的影响,并系统地研究了单一和复合污染体系中初始浓度对两种生物质炭吸附水溶液中镉（Cd）和草甘膦效率的影响.结果表明:①与未改性生物质炭相比,改性生物质炭的pH、O/C（原子比）和H/C（原子比）降低,比表面积增大,含氧官能团和巯基含量增加.②与未改性生物质炭相比,改性生物质炭对Cd和草甘膦的吸附能力增强,最大表观吸附量（Q_max）增加了近3倍;随着Cd和草甘膦初始浓度的增加,未改性和改性生物质炭对Cd和草甘膦的吸附量逐渐增加,增加量最高分别达18.52%和7.60%.③单一污染体系中两种生物质炭对Cd或草甘膦的吸附更符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,说明其对Cd或草甘膦的吸附机理是单分子层的吸附起主导作用.④复合污染体系中,未改性和改性生物质炭对Cd的吸附能力分别增加了25.28%和21.26%,未改性生物质炭对Cd的最大表观吸附量增加了29.34%,但改性生物质炭对Cd的最大表观吸附量降低了47.28%;未改性和改性生物质炭对草甘膦的吸附能力减弱,但最大表观吸附量分别增加了2.63和3.45倍.研究显示,硫脲改性猪粪生物质炭作为一项有前景的新技术,为解决实际环境中的复合污染问题提供了经济环保的技术手段.      

漂浮负载型光催化剂制备及降解草甘膦研究

以漂珠(FP)为载体,采用溶胶-凝胶-浸渍法制备了漂浮负载型CdS/TiO2/FP复合膜光催化剂,通过SEM、XRD对其结构进行了表征.以甘草膦农药的光催化降解为模型反应,使用不同光源研究了CdS/TiO2/FP的光催化性能,探讨了影响催化剂活性的因素及采用太阳光做光源处理草甘膦的可行性.结果表明,经4层镀膜500℃热处理的20%(w/w)CdS/TiO2/FP光催化剂具有良好的光催化性能,最佳降解条件为:催化剂加入量3 g/L,初始pH 7～9,Fe2 浓度为2.0×10-3 mol/L.通气量200 mL/min.在最佳条件下,对135 mg/L草甘膦溶液降解率可以分别达到96.3%(125 W高压汞灯,60 min)和82.4%(太阳光,180 min).     

荧光光谱法研究草甘膦与腐殖酸的相互作用

应用荧光光谱法研究了草甘膦(PMG)与腐殖酸(HA)的相互作用.荧光猝灭实验表明,PMG对HA的荧光产生静态猝灭;通过对不同温度下反应热力学参数的计算,发现二者相互间作用力主要是氢键和范德华力.受到PMG作用的影响,HA的同步荧光光谱出现了蓝移现象,初步说明HA在作用后共轭度降低.采用平行因子分析技术对加入PMG前后的HA三维荧光光谱进行解析,发现加入PMG后HA荧光组分不仅出现在区域Ⅴ(难降解有机物荧光区)中,而且有部分出现在了区域Ⅲ(可降解有机物荧光区)中,总荧光强度明显减弱,而且组分C3、C4有明显的蓝移现象.三维荧光光谱分析验证了荧光猝灭及同步荧光的研究结果,并进一步表明,PMG与HA的相互作用使HA共轭度降低,并且可能有可降解物质生成.     

草甘膦农药对西藏土壤蓝藻Loriellopsis cavernicola的光合作用抑制机制研究

西藏自治区除草剂平均使用量高于全国平均水平,但有关除草剂对土壤藻类的影响鲜有研究。以西藏土壤结皮蓝藻Loriellopsis cavernicola为材料,综合分析光合作用活性、光合色素含量、叶绿素荧光和抗氧化系统活性,研究了草甘膦农药对蓝藻光合作用的抑制作用。结果发现：（1）低浓度的草甘膦农药（5 mmol·L^-1）对蓝藻光合作用活性影响不明显,而高浓度草甘膦农药（20 mmol·L^-1）则显著抑制;（2）高浓度草甘膦农药对光合系统的抑制表现在最大光化学效率降低和电子传递效率下降;（3）草甘膦农药会引起蓝藻细胞内活性氧含量上升、膜脂过氧化升高和光合色素含量降低现象。本研究结果表明,草甘膦农药对土壤蓝藻Loriellopsis cavernicola光合系统电子传递链产生抑制作用,造成活性氧泄漏、膜脂过氧化,同时引起光合色素降解,继而进一步破坏光合系统结构,造成藻类光合作用效率降低。由于蓝藻是土壤微生态系统的重要生产者,因此减少除草剂有利于保护西藏土壤环境和维持土壤微生态健康。     

草甘膦的水环境行为及其对水生生物毒性的研究进展

草甘膦是世界上应用最广泛的除草剂,在水环境中普遍存在,其环境残留可能会危害非靶标水生生物,严重威胁水生生态系统健康,因此受到人们的广泛关注。本文整理分析了水环境中草甘膦的来源、污染现状和水环境行为,详细探讨了其对水生生物的毒性效应,并且对该领域的未来发展趋势做出了简要分析与展望,旨在为草甘膦的水生生态毒性和环境风险评估提供参考依据,为合理使用草甘膦提供一定的指导作用。     

Analysis of the toxicity of glyphosate and Faena® using the freshwater invertebrates Daphnia magna and Lecane quadridentata

With the present contribution an evaluation of the toxicity of the pure herbicide glyphosate and its commercial formulation Faena® is reported using the cladoceran Daphnia magna Strauss and the rotifer Lecane quadridentata Ehrenberg. LC₅₀, EC₅₀, NOEC, and LOEC values for each toxicant and for both test organisms are obtained. Regarding acute toxicity, Faena was 11-fold more toxic to L. quadridentata than pure glyphosate and slightly more toxic to D. magna (1.7-fold). Inhibition of esterase activity in L. quadridentata by glyphosate was the most sensitive end-point; the EC₅₀ was 1500-fold smaller than the LC₅₀. The implications of these results and their comparison with established international and national limit values for glyphosate are discussed.     

地表水中草甘膦暴露及其对水生光合生物毒性测试研究进展

随着草甘膦使用量的持续增加,水体中草甘膦的大量累积和潜在危害已经引发了人们的重点关注。在施用过草甘膦地区的水体中,出现了水生植被物种丰富度下降、覆盖度降低等状况。本文系统整理了地表水中草甘膦的来源、迁移转化和残留现状,基于草甘膦对浮游藻类、漂浮植物、挺水植物和沉水植物的生物毒性测试结果,分别阐述了草甘膦对这几种水生光合生物的急性和慢性毒性。毒性测试结果表明水生光合生物对草甘膦具有一定的耐受性,其对草甘膦的敏感度具有差异性。与浮游藻类、漂浮植物和挺水植物相比,沉水植物对草甘膦更为敏感。在此基础上,对草甘膦作用下水生光合生物的毒性测试结果进行了总结与展望,旨为草甘膦对水生光合生物的生态风险评估提供科学依据。