井下光谱多参数分析系统开发

本系统基于气体浓度光学分析方法理论朗伯-比尔(Lambert-Beer)定律、光谱气体检测技术开发,实现了对煤矿火灾与瓦斯灾害超前预警、灾害产生的有毒有害气体实时监测和煤矿环境气体爆炸危险性辨识,对于煤矿灾害防治、救灾过程中杜绝次生灾害,保障煤矿工人及救护队员的生命安全,促进煤矿安全生产具有重要意义。     

羽序灯心草作为酸性矿山废弃地先锋植物潜力

生态复垦是当前世界各国酸性矿山废弃地修复的主要方法.通过研究云南来利山锡矿区废弃地土壤pH值、肥力特征及重金属含量,以及矿区生长的羽序灯心草形态特征和植株体内重金属的分布特征,分析植株耐酸性、对废弃地土壤肥力的适应性及对Zn和Cu等重金属污染的耐性,探讨其作为酸性矿山废弃地先锋植物的潜力.结果表明,研究区域根际土壤pH值均值范围为3.46～4.01,呈酸性;土壤中有机质、全钾、全磷和速效磷含量分别为10.28～25.75g·kg~(-1)、 8.84～9.32g·kg~(-1)、 0.56～0.63g·kg~(-1)和1.82～5.72mg·kg~(-1),处于较低水平;土壤中Zn、Cu和Fe含量均值范围分别为54.93～114.49、 92.53～127.59和47 133.60～112 259.63 mg·kg~(-1),其中重金属Cu含量超出风险筛选值1.85～2.55倍;研究区域羽序灯心草株高均值范围为43.77～55.42 cm,对照组植株高度为51.38～57.66 cm,无显著差异,表明羽序灯心草具有耐酸性及对重金属污染具有耐性.进一步分析对重金属Cu和Zn的富集能力和转移特征,发现对Cu和Zn都具有富集能力,且对Zn具有运转能力,具有一定的富集吸收潜力.株高与根际土壤中速效磷的含量显著相关,后期羽序灯心草作为先锋植物在矿山废弃地进行种植时,可针对性地补充含速效磷的肥料改善土壤肥力条件.综合分析结果表明,羽序灯心草作为先锋植物修复酸性矿山废弃地具有巨大潜力.     

色氨酸对生物成因铁硫酸盐次生矿物形成的影响

采用氧化亚铁硫杆菌催化合成铁硫酸盐次生矿物,研究不同L-色氨酸添加浓度对矿物合成体系pH、氧化还原电位（ORP）、Fe²⁺氧化率、总Fe沉淀率,以及次生矿物产量、化学组成及矿物相的影响.结果表明,随着体系色氨酸浓度的增加,pH降低幅度越小,ORP上升越不明显.色氨酸对铁硫酸盐次生矿物合成的影响依赖于其浓度,当色氨酸浓度低于1.67 g·L^-1时,色氨酸对铁硫酸盐次生矿物的形成起促进作用,表现为总Fe沉淀率及矿物产量随着色氨酸浓度升高而增加.而当色氨酸浓度升高至6.67 g·L^-1时,Fe²⁺氧化率、总Fe沉淀率和矿物产量远低于对照组,表明高浓度色氨酸会抑制铁硫酸盐次生矿物的形成.次生矿物内Fe/S比介于施氏矿物和黄钾铁矾的理论值之间,表明不同合成体系所得次生矿物均为黄钾铁矾和施氏矿物的混合物.矿物学特征分析表明,随着色氨酸浓度的升高,矿物的合成表现为黄钾铁矾向施氏矿物转移.     

我国燃煤电厂大气汞控制技术综合评估与对策探讨

采用模糊综合评价法与层次分析法或专家判定法相结合,对我国燃煤电厂非常规污染物大气汞控制技术进行了综合评估,以筛选出最佳控制技术.建立了环境、经济和技术为一级指标的三层指标体系,共22个评价指标;初步筛选出洗选煤+烟气净化协同脱除技术、烟气净化协同脱除技术、烟气净化协同脱除技术+活性炭吸附技术等七项技术及技术组合并对其开展评估.结果表明:强调环境因素的层次分析法综合评估结果表明,超低排放协同脱除技术+活性炭吸附技术得分最高（0.797 0）,为最佳控制技术.而专家判定法与强调经济因素的层次分析法的综合评估结果一致,洗选煤+烟气净化协同脱除技术最具经济优势,是专家认可的最佳可用技术（BAT）和最佳环境实践（BEP）.研究显示,我国现阶段可采用洗选煤+超低排放协同脱除技术对燃煤电厂的大气汞污染进行控制,但为达到发达国家的严格排放标准,必须采用超低排放协同脱除技术+活性炭吸附技术.      

Application of a systemic approach to the study of pollution of the Tinto and Odiel rivers (Spain)

The province of Huelva in the SW of Spain presents high environmental contrasts: together with the great abundance of natural spaces, it shows the impacts of historical natural resources exploitation processes. In the Ria of Huelva, the effluents of the chemical industries must be added to the contaminating inputs of the Tinto and Odiel rivers, coming from the acid drainage of the mines located in the Iberian Pyrite Belt. This forced the Environmental Agency (AMA) to elaborate in 1987 an Effluent Remediation Plan in order to negate unacceptable environmental impacts. The application of a grey box systemic analysis to the AMD pollution, undergone by the Tinto and Odiel rivers has allowed to set a conclusive explanation of the sampling results observed for a period of 11 years, thus making available an overall view of the polluting process and, above all, an explanation of its partial aspects.     

Large-scale mercury variations in Lake Vänern (Sweden) 1974-98

Lake V?nern, the largest lake in Sweden, has been seriously contaminated with mercury during the 20th century. In the 1970's and 80's the direct load, mainly from a chlor-alkali industry in the area, of mercury was drastically reduced as a response to new legislation, from three to five tons down to between five and ten kg yr(-1). Large amounts of the disposed pollutant have accumulated in the sediments. The question posed in this work is now, is the effect of the drastic load reduction after more than two decades visible in the sediments? The question is relevant as large areas still are blacklisted for fishing, but also as a follow-up of a major remedy action. The lake also serves as a freshwater reservoir for even Sweden's second largest city. This work synthesises and compares data of mercury in the sediments from three major field programs, in 1974, 1984 and 1998. The interest is focused on both spatial heterogeneity and temporal trends. In 1974, the surface concentrations are significantly higher than in subsequent surveys. Significant differences are also found between 1984 and 1998. Significant spatial differences within the lake are found for respective year. The most contaminated area is located in the north, close to the major point source (a former chlor-alkali industry). This is also the area with the largest improvement, as a direct response to the reduction in load. Further from the outlet, the recovery is more affected by burial and transport processes out into the deeper basins.     

Exposure Assessment to Mercury Vapor in Chloralkali Industry

The aim of the study was to develop a sampling method aimed at individual sampling of mercury vapor and subsequent individualexposure assessment of the worker. Hopcalite available fromInowrocawskie Zakady Chemiczne (in Poland) was founduseful for mercury vapor sampling in active and passive individual samplers. However the sampling rate determined forpassive sampler in steady-state laboratory chamber cannot be usedunder fluctuating conditions of mercury vapor concentration andair movement typical for field measurement. In order to check comparativeness of passive and active sampling methods, sampleswere taken in the same time and individual samplers fixed toworker's clothes were used. Mercury vapor concentration wasmeasured at two chloralkali industries in Poland and the resultswere presented. Excessive exposure in both industries wasconfirmed by finding elevated mercury concentration in urinesamples from the workers.     

某铀矿工人头发中总α,总β,铀,钍放射性水平的调查

本文对某铀矿职业工人和非职业工人头发中的总β、总α放射性水平和铀、钍含量进行了分析测定.结果表明,该矿工人体内铀和钍的蓄积量均在正常放射性本底水平范围内,从头发中检验未观察到工人体内铀、钍放射性水平有明显的升高.     

MERCURY EMISSION INVENTORY IN ONTARIO

Mercury is released to the environment from various anthropogenic and natural sources. This work is a compilation of mercury emissions from anthropogenic sources in Ontario, Canada. The goal of our study was to identify all sources of mercury, and develop an emission inventory of anthropogenic mercury in Ontario. The result of our investigation revealed that combustion of fossil fuels and emissions from landfill sites are two primary sources of mercury to the atmosphere. Other sources of significance are emissions from waste incinerators, various industrial activities, and cement production. Total mercury emission in Ontario is estimated as 4100 kg per year.     

冶金矿山清洁生产审计

通过对姑山矿生产现状的调查研究，确定审计重点为选矿车间，分析了选矿车间存在的问题，提出了清洁生产方案，对方案实施后的经济效益作了分析。