在降雨量极少的条件下日本琵琶湖北湖主要环境因子的动态变化和机理的研究(Ⅰ)(英文)

琵琶湖是日本第一大淡水湖,20世纪60年代以来,由于经济的发展,湖水水质逐步变坏。1977年湖的北部出现赤潮,1 983年湖的南部出现了湖泊富营养化的产物微囊藻。多年来,在深水区湖水温度分层情况下,叶绿素α或浮游植物主要分布在湖的表层。但在1 994年夏季降雨量极少的情况下,在深水区叶绿素α或浮游植物主要分布在温跃层的附近,这种现象在琵琶湖是罕见的。分析发现叶绿素的峰值在湖水温度分层时出现在温跃层的上部,而且底边界层同时出现了低溶氧和高浊度的现象。叶绿素α和溶氧、浊度的对应关系表明温跃层是一光合成活跃的区间。本文通过流体力学方程计算,结果表明随着温度的降低,粘滞力就会增加,在温跃层出现了随水深增加,粘滞力急剧增大的情况。由此可见颗粒物在温跃层顶的上部沉降速度比温跃层内快,因此颗粒物高浓度出现在温跃层内。计算结果同时发现,在水深10～20 m(对应于温跃层),分子扩散系数最小,一旦颗粒物进入这一区间就不易扩散出去。由于温跃层是一分子扩散系数小、粘滞力高的区间,所以温跃层是颗粒物和营养盐的富集区,出现了藻类和叶绿素浓度的峰值。     

Photosynthetic sulfur bacteria from Zimapan Reservoir (Mexico): Seasonal variations and toxic effects of zinc in a microcosm system

Photosynthetic sulfur bacteria oxidize the sulfide produced by dissimilatory sulfate-reducing bacteria, thus preventing the occurrence of pollution by these compounds in the oxygenic zone of aquatic systems. Zinc is one of the most abundant heavy metals. Its toxic effects have been documented in various organisms that can photosynthesize, but a lack of information prevails in this respect, about photosynthetic sulfur bacteria. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the toxic effects of zinc on green sulfur bacteria (Chlorobiaceae) and purple sulfur bacteria (Chromatiaceae) in a microcosm as well to explore the possible relationships between the bacterial population growths with the physicochemical properties of the metalimnion of Zimapan Reservoir (Mexico) during a 1-year period. Hydrosoluble organic carbon (HOC) and light availability in the metalimnion were the limiting factors for growth in these bacteria. Higher HOC levels occurred in Spring, at the end of the wet season and in Winter. Current zinc levels in the reservoir seem to elicit toxic effects. At lethal zinc concentrations, the best concentration-response relationship was shown. The biomarker for purple sulfur bacteria was the bacteriochlorophyll content, while total reducing sugar was the best biomarker for green sulfur bacteria. At sublethal concentrations, zinc alters adenosine triphosphate levels, total reducing sugar, total protein content, and bacteriochlorophyll content. The observed responses indicate that green sulfur bacteria are more sensitive than purple sulfur bacteria and are suitable target organisms for use in establishing the accepted threshold concentration of zinc (NOEC 0.056–0.097 mg L^?1 of Zn) in anoxic deep water.     

在降雨量极少的条件下日本琵琶湖北湖主要环境因子的动态变化和机理的研究(Ⅰ)

琵琶湖是日本第一大淡水湖,20世纪60年代以来,由于经济的发展,湖水水质逐步变坏.1977年湖的北部出现赤潮,1983年湖的南部出现了湖泊富营养化的产物微囊藻.多年来,在深水区湖水温度分层情况下,叶绿素α或浮游植物主要分布在湖的表层.但在1 994年夏季降雨量极少的情况下,在深水区叶绿素α或浮游植物主要分布在温跃层的附近,这种现象在琵琶湖是罕见的.分析发现叶绿素的峰值在湖水温度分层时出现在温跃层的上部,而且底边界层同时出现了低溶氧和高浊度的现象.叶绿素α和溶氧、浊度的对应关系表明温跃层是一光合成活跃的区间.本文通过流体力学方程计算,结果表明随着温度的降低,粘滞力就会增加,在温跃层出现了随水深增加,粘滞力急剧增大的情况.由此可见颗粒物在温跃层顶的上部沉降速度比温跃层内快,因此颗粒物高浓度出现在温跃层内.计算结果同时发现,在水深10～20 m(对应于温跃层),分子扩散系数最小,一旦颗粒物进入这一区间就不易扩散出去.由于温跃层是一分子扩散系数小、粘滞力高的区间,所以温跃层是颗粒物和营养盐的富集区,出现了藻类和叶绿素浓度的峰值.     

水库热分层期藻类水华与温跃层厌氧成因分析

以西安市李家河水库为研究对象,通过对水体理化因子和浮游植物的连续监测,对热分层期藻类垂向分布与温跃层厌氧成因进行了初步分析.结果表明:①6～9月,李家河水库水体稳定指数为2～10 m~(-1),处于稳定热分层状态,水体溶解氧呈明显的垂向以及季节差异,p H、电导率均与溶解氧呈现相同的分层结构;②李家河水体的富营养状态诱导夏季藻类水华暴发;藻细胞密度垂向差异大,集中悬停于水深0～5 m区域内,最高为2. 95×10~8cells·L~(-1),叶绿素a含量最大为46. 42mg·m~(-3);高密度藻类在温跃层内堆积分解,水深5～24 m内出现较大面积的厌氧区,pH下降、电导率和高锰酸盐指数升高;③高密度藻类分解耗氧是夏季分层期温跃层厌氧形成的主要原因.