Characterization of microbial communities from coastal waters using microarrays

Molecular methods, including DNA probes, were used to identify and enumerate pathogenic Vibrio species in the Chesapeake Bay; our data indicated that Vibrio vulnificus exhibits seasonal fluctuations in number. Our work included a characterization of total microbial communities from the Bay; development of microarrays that identify and quantify the diversity of those communities; and observation of temporal changes in those communities. To identify members of the microbial community, we amplified the 16S rDNA gene from community DNA isolated from a biofilm sample collected from the Chesapeake Bay in February, 2000. The resultant 75 sequences were 95% or more similar to 7 species including two recently described Shewanella species, baltica and frigidimarina, that have not been previously isolated from the Chesapeake. When the genera of bacteria from biofilm after culturing are compared to those detected by subcloning amplified 16S fragments from community DNA, the cultured sample exhibited a strong bias. In oysters collected in February, the most common bacteria were previously unknown. Based on our 16S findings, we are developing microarrays to detect these and other microbial species in these estuarine communities. The microarrays will detect each species using four distinct loci, with the multiple loci serving as an internal control. The accuracy of the microarray will be measured using sentinel species such as Aeromonas species, Escherichia coli, and Vibrio vulnificus. Using microarrays, it should be possible to determine the annual fluctuations of bacterial species (culturable and non-culturable, pathogenic and non-pathogenic). The data may be applied to understanding patterns of environmental change; assessing the health of the Bay; and evaluating the risk of human illness associated with exposure to and ingestion of water and shellfish.     

高级氧化技术机理及在水处理中的应用进展

综述了近年来发展迅速的高级氧化技术，主要包括Fenton法、臭氧氧化法、湿式氧化技术、超临界水氧化法、纳米光催化氧化法电化学催化降解法及超声降解法等。介绍了各种高级氧化技术的基本原理及在废水处理中的应用进展，并对其特点进行了评述。     

Molecular behavior and interactions with microbes during anaerobic degradation of bio-derived DOM in waste leachate

It is the key to control bio-derived dissolved organic matters (DOM) in order to reduce the effluent concentration of wastewater treatment, especially for waste leachate with high organic contaminants. In the present study, the anaerobic degradation of aerobically stabilized DOM was investigated with DOM substrate isolated through electrodialysis. The degradation of bio-derived DOM was confirmed by reduction of 15% of total organic carbon in 100 days. We characterized the molecular behavior of bio-derived DOM by coupling molecular and biological information analysis. Venn based Sankey diagram of mass features showed the transformation of bio-derived DOM mass features. Occurrence frequency analysis divided mass features into six categories so as to distinguish the fates of intermediate metabolites and persistent compounds. Reactivity continuum model and machine learning technologies realized the semi-quantitative determination on the kinetics of DOM mass features in the form of pseudo-first order, and confirmed the reduction of inert mass features. Furthermore, network analysis statistically establish relationship between DOM mass features and microbes to identify the active microbes that are able to utilize bio-derived DOM. This work confirmed the biological technology is still effective in controlling recalcitrant bio-derived DOM during wastewater treatment.     

Enzymatic degradation of poly([R,S] β-hydroxybutyrate)

The synthetic analogue of a bacterially produced polyester, poly(-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) was synthesized from racemic -butyrolactone using anin situ trimethyl aluminum-water catalyst. The polymer was fractionated into samples differing in molecular weight and isotactic diad content. The latter was closely related to degree of crystallinity. The biodegradation of these fractions were examined by monitoring mass loss over time in the presence of anAlcaligenes faecalis T1 extracellular bacterial poly(-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase. The fraction with high isotactic diad tacticity content showed little or no degradation over a 50 hour incubation period, whereas the fraction of intermediate isotactic diad content degraded in a continuous steady fashion at a rate that was less than that for bacterial PHB. The low isotactic diad fraction underwent a rapid initial degradation, followed by no further mass loss. The presence of stereoblocks in the polymer structure of the various fractions was an influence on the degree of susceptibility towards degradation and is related to sample crystallinity.     

水-苦草-沉积物系统对聚乙烯微塑料的响应

水生态系统中的微塑料对生态安全和环境健康造成严重威胁,受到广泛关注.为了揭示水-苦草-沉积物系统对于微塑料暴露的响应,将苦草暴露于不同质量分数（1%～5%,沉积物湿重质量分数）的聚乙烯微塑料（PE-MPs）中,分别研究了PE-MPs对系统中水质理化指标、沉水植物形态特征、生理性状、抗氧化系统和沉积物中微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明,PE-MPs处理组对于水体理化性质的改变不显著,PE-MPs处理组显著抑制了植株株高、氧化应激指标和抗氧化系统. 1% PE-MPs处理组株高的增长仅为对照组的47.44%,叶绿素a含量为对照组的81.04%,过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性、丙二醛（MDA）含量和过氧化物酶（POD）活性较对照组分别提高了233.70%、 117.82%和61.62%.不同质量分数的PE-MPs对沉积物中的微生物群落结构存在一定的影响.上述结果有助于完善水-沉水植物-沉积物系统中PE-MPs生态风险的评价体系.     

基于维纳过程的MEMS陀螺仪贮存寿命评估

目的 针对MEMS陀螺仪在步进应力加速试验条件下获取的性能退化数据,提出基于维纳过程的贮存寿命评估方法及其模型准确度检验方法。方法 首先,确定温度为影响MEMS陀螺仪性能退化的主要环境因素,采用步进温度应力加速试验的方式获取其性能退化数据。其次,分析各项性能参数的演变规律,确定标度因数为表征产品性能退化的特征性能参数。最后,采用漂移维纳过程对标度因数退化轨迹进行建模,并外推得到常温条件下的贮存寿命。结果 采用留一法对模型精度进行验证,模型准确度最低为86.44%。可靠度水平为0.95时,常温贮存(25 ℃)条件下的寿命评估结果为50.02 a。结论 基于维纳过程建立的性能退化模型的准确度在85%以上,该模型可应用于指定贮存条件下MEMS陀螺仪的性能退化预测及贮存寿命评估。     

COD降解菌剂的构建及在污水处理中的评估

采用微生物育种技术,从活性污泥中分离筛选得到活性菌株,结合微生物生态学原理,对高效去除污水中COD的复合菌剂构建原则进行探究。通过考察单菌的COD去除效果与絮凝效果,获得7株菌。分别在SBR和A/O模拟系统中进行验证,按COD-03比例复合时,SBR系统出水COD从300 mg·L-1降到约120 mg·L-1（进水COD 1 200 mg·L-1）,较其他组具有极显著性降低（α=0.01）;A/O系统出水COD从约500 mg·L-1降到将近100 mg·L-1（进水COD 1 200 mg·L-1）。结果表明,复合菌剂构建策略具有良好的应用性和可操作性,在COD微生物增效菌剂制备方面具有良好可行性。     

双室微生物燃料电池重金属毒性传感器的研制

构建了双室微生物燃料电池（double microbial fuel cells,DMFC）型毒性传感器分别对Cr（Ⅵ）、Cd2+、Cu2+、Zn2+进行在线检测研究。通过对反应器进行优化,确定DMFC在外电阻为1 000 Ω时达到最大功率密度;外循环速率为0.933 4 mL·min-1时反应器运行较稳定。在最优条件下,通过监测铜离子来确定检测时间为60 min,清洗时间为10 min。在以上条件下进行重金属检测,结果表明4种重金属的检测范围分别为0.3~10、0.4~10、40~160、15~80 mg·L-1。抑制率可以用来验证反应器的可行性,检测范围内抑制率与重金属浓度呈现一定的线性关系,其相关系数分别为0.959 7、0.979 5、0.944 1、0.936 6。并可得到相应的线性方程,这些方程可用于验证DMFC-传感器的稳定性。选取检测范围内的浓度进行验证,结果表明4种重金属的相对误差均小于11%,传感器相对稳定并可长期运行。     

UV/SO32-体系降解水中十溴联苯醚

十溴联苯醚（BDE-209）是全球应用最广泛的溴系阻燃剂之一。它可以长时间在环境中迁移,是一种亲脂疏水、可生物积累的难降解有机污染物。研究了UV/SO32-高级还原体系对BDE-209的降解动力学,并分别考察了SO32-浓度、pH、BDE-209初始浓度对其降解和脱溴效能的影响。结果表明,UV/SO32-体系在BDE-209初始浓度为0.3 μmol·L-1、pH为7、SO32-为1.0 mmol·L-1、反应90 min时的降解效果最佳,降解率为93.54%;SO32-浓度越高,BDE-209的降解和脱溴效果越好;酸性条件有利于BDE-209的降解;较高的BDE-209浓度不利于体系脱溴反应的进行。BDE-209的降解过程遵循伪一级动力学规律;脱溴过程主要通过eaq-攻击C-Br键分步实现。     

SDS促进复配酶水解排水管网沉积物

采用SDS协同复配酶水解排水管网沉积物,分别考察了SDS投加量、反应时间、pH、温度4个影响因素对沉积物水解效果的影响,并通过 SEM、EPS、三维荧光光谱以及粒径等表征方法进行机理分析。结果表明,投加5%(w:w)SDS与8%(w:w)复配酶,在原泥pH(7.28±0.3)、25 ℃、反应时间为2 h时,沉积物水解效果最好。此时SCOD、多糖和氨氮分别由初始的5 686.9、1 913.75和87.32 mg·L⁻¹增加到8 192.9、3 561.29和153.37 mg·L⁻¹,有机质含量由56.32%下降到55.59%。在SDS+复配酶处理管网沉积物后,其内部紧实结构被破坏,TB-EPS向S-EPS转移,腐殖酸类物质荧光强度增强,表明溶解性EPS增多,且沉积物粒径向<300 μm转变。高通量测序分析结果表明,SDS+复配酶对管网沉积物微生物种类的丰富度和多样性影响不大,但在一定程度上会改变微生物的功能菌群,减少CH₄和H₂S的产生。以上研究结果可为延缓排水管网淤堵问题提供数据支持。