封闭式博物馆室内空气颗粒物离子成分特征

采用气体悬浮物粒子监测仪和NanoMoudi-Ⅱ125A型分级采样器对某封闭式博物馆进行颗粒物数浓度监测和颗粒物采样,测定了不同粒径段颗粒物中的主要离子组分。结果表明,监测期间粗颗粒物(粒径≥2.5μm)、细颗粒物(粒径在0.1~2.5μm之间)和超细颗粒物(粒径≤0.1μm)质量浓度分别为20.50~24.38μg/m3、23.39~24.08μg/m3和16.02~17.48μg/m3。颗粒物数浓度集中在粒径≤0.3μm范围,PM1数浓度占PM10数浓度的97%以上,游客扰动和清洁活动使粗颗粒物数浓度增加了8~172倍。SO42-、NO3-、NH4+峰值出现在0.32~0.56μm粒径段,Na+、Cl-分布较平均,K+峰值出现在0.32~0.56μm和3.2~5.6μm粒径段,Mg2+的峰值出现在3.2~5.6μm粒径段,Ca2+峰值出现在1.8~3.2μm粒径段;总有机酸根离子无明显峰值;乙酸根离子浓度为1.238μg/m3,高于甲酸根和乙二酸根。颗粒物的阳/阴离子比均值为2.83,说明阴离子测定可能有缺失,如碳酸盐等。颗粒物中水溶性离子浓度水平和粒径分布受游客影响不明显,受室外空气输送的影响较大。     

饱水煤样巴西劈裂强度和能量特征试验研究

针对赵固二矿二1煤层煤样在自然和饱水状态下进行巴西劈裂试验,分析了饱水对煤体劈裂强度和能量特征的影响。试验结果表明:加载过程采用载荷控制时峰值前拉应力与时间呈良好线性关系,达到峰值后应力瞬间跌落为零,表现出明显脆性破坏特征;采用位移控制时峰值前拉应力与时间呈非线性关系,峰值后出现分次破坏特征,但两种控制方式在试验破坏前没有本质区别;并得出两种状态下煤样抗拉强度和峰值能率存在差异,自然状态下抗拉强度为1.52MPa,峰值能率为881J/m2,但饱水后,煤样抗拉强度平均软化系数为0.65,平均峰值能率降幅为36.0%;两种状态下煤样抗拉强度与峰值能率大致呈线性关系,表明煤样抗拉强度越高,需要更多能量才能使煤样劈裂破坏。     

Effects of Detectability on Estimates of Geographic Range Size in Bignonieae

Abstract: Extinction risk has not been evaluated for 96% of all described plant species. Given that the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation proposes preliminary conservation assessments of all described plant species by 2010, herbarium specimens (i.e., primary occurrence data) are increasingly being used to infer threat components from estimates of geographic range size. Nevertheless, estimates of range size based on herbarium data may be inaccurate due to collection bias associated with interspecific variation in detectability. We used data on 377 species of Bignonieae to test the hypothesis that there is a positive relationship between detectability and estimates of geographic range size derived from herbarium specimens. This relationship is expected if the proportion of the true geographic range size of a species that is documented by herbarium specimens is given by the product of the true geographic range size and the detectability of the species, assuming no relationship between true geographic range size and detectability. We developed 4 measures of detectability that can be estimated from herbarium data and examined the relationship between detectability and 2 types of estimates of geographic range size: area of occupancy and extent of occurrence. Our results from regressing estimates of extent of occurrence and area of occupancy on detectability across genera provided no support for this hypothesis. The same was true for regressions of estimated extent of occurrence on detectability across species within genera. Nevertheless, regressions of estimated area of occupancy on detectability across species within genera provided partial support for our hypothesis. We considered 3 possible explanations for this mixed outcome: violation of the assumption of no relationship between true geographic range size and detectability; the relationships between estimated geographic range size and detectability may be an artifact of a negative relationship between estimated area of occupancy and the sampling variance of detectability; detectability may have had 2 opposite effects on estimated species range sizes: one determines the proportion of the true range of a species documented by herbarium specimens and the other determines the distribution of true range size for the species actually observed with herbarium data. Our findings should help improve understanding of the potential biases incurred with the use of herbarium data.     

Significance of Sighting Rate in Inferring Extinction and Threat

Abstract:  We are now entering a time of immense environmental upheaval in which, increasingly, experts are required to provide conservation assessments. Quantitative assessment of trends in species' range and abundance is costly, requiring extensive field studies over a long period of time. Unfortunately, many species are only known through a few "chance" sightings or a handful of specimens, and therefore extinction may be even harder to ascertain. Several methods have been proposed for estimating the probability of extinction. However, comparison within and between species is difficult because of variations in sighting rates. We applied a probabilistic method that incorporates sighting rate to the sighting record of Vietnamese slipper orchids ( Paphiopedilum ). The method generates a probability that another sighting will occur given the previous sighting rate and the time since last observation. This allows greater comparability between species discovered at different times. Its predictions were more highly correlated with the World Conservation Union criteria than previous methods. Trends in data collection and the political climate of a country, which affects access to material, are important potential sources of variation that affect sighting rates. A lack of understanding of the process by which data are generated makes inferring extinction from sighting records difficult because extinction status depends on how the sighting rate varies. However, such methods allow rapid conservation prioritization of taxa that are poorly known and would otherwise go unassessed.     

Adapting the bioblitz to meet conservation needs

When conservation strategies require new, field‐based information, practitioners must find the best ways to rapidly deliver high‐quality survey data. To address this challenge, several rapid‐assessment approaches have been developed since the early 1990s. These typically involve large areas, take many months to complete, and are not appropriate when conservation‐relevant survey data are urgently needed for a specific locale. In contrast, bioblitzes are designed for quick collection of site‐specific survey data. Although bioblitzes are commonly used to achieve educational or public‐engagement goals, conservation practitioners are increasingly using a modified bioblitz approach to generate conservation‐relevant data while simultaneously enhancing research capacity and building working partnerships focused on conservation concerns. We term these modified events expert bioblitzes. Several expert bioblitzes have taken place on lands of conservation concern in Southern California and have involved collaborative efforts of government agencies, nonprofit organizations, botanic gardens, museums, and universities. The results of expert bioblitzes directly informed on‐the‐ground conservation and decision‐making; increased capacity for rapid deployment of expert bioblitzes in the future; and fostered collaboration and communication among taxonomically and institutionally diverse experts. As research and conservation funding becomes increasingly scarce, expert bioblitzes can play an increasingly important role in biodiversity conservation.     

深部岩体分区破裂化模拟试验模型几何尺寸的确定

为了揭示深部岩体在开挖时所发生的一系列变化情况,需要进行模拟试验研究。简要介绍了深部岩体在开挖洞室或巷道时发生的分区破裂化现象及其发展规律。根据分区破裂化力学现象、模拟试验背景和试验加载条件,运用弹性力学的基本理论,通过分析与计算,确定了采用b/a≥10作为模型几何参数的选取原则。在实验室条件下,可以采用石膏半径b=1 000 mm,钻孔半径a=100 mm的圆柱体模型来模拟深部岩体的分区破裂化现象及其规律。     

Translating land-use science to a museum exhibit

For land-use science to engage the general public it must successfully translate its concepts and conclusions and make them public outside of traditional scientific venues. Here we explore science-art exhibits, which blend artistic presentations with specific scientific data or themes, as a possible effective way of communicating scientific information and disrupting misconceptions. We describe the process of producing a science-art exhibit on remote sensing and Puerto Rican landscape history from 1937 to the present, sited at a rural Puerto Rican community museum, and examine the visitor experience and educational outcomes of the museum exhibit through analysis of survey data. The exhibit project engaged undergraduate students from a variety of academic backgrounds, introduced land-use science concepts to the public in an engaging format, and was effective at reshaping visitors’ misconceptions of Puerto Rico’s landscape change history.     

游客感知价值对故宫文创产品购买意向的影响研究

以故宫文创产品为例,构建了博物馆文创产品六维感知价值与购买意向的概念模型,并利用结构方程模型对假设加以检验。研究发现,创新价值和体验价值对游客购买意向具有显著影响,而品质价值、社会价值、价格价值并非是引起游客购买意向的主要因素。基于此,提出继续推动故宫文创产品创新,加大体验式产品开发。     

博物馆与内蒙古草原濒危物种的保护

关于内蒙古草原动、植物自然保护濒危物种的保护做了一些详细的调查，并就博物馆作为自然遗存和文化遗存的保护与使用机构，它具有保护藏品、教研以及收藏价值。