中国菌糠露天焚烧污染物排放时空分布特征

基于我国2000~2017年食用菌年产量数据,采用排放因子法估算了菌糠露天焚烧的污染物排放量,利用Mann-Kendall法和聚类分析法分析了排放量的时空分布特征,使用回归分析法预测了污染物的排放趋势.结果表明：（1）2000~2017年全国菌糠露天焚烧污染物排放量持续上升,PM_2.5、CO₂、CO、CH₄、NMVOCs、PAHs、NO_x、SO₂累积排放量分别为1.40×10⁶,3.48×10⁸,1.99×10⁷,8.43×10⁵,2.08×10⁶,3.00×10⁴,6.34×10⁵,8.29×10⁴t;（2）污染物排放量较高的省区包括山东、黑龙江、浙江、湖南、江苏、福建和河南,排放量较低的省区包括贵州、宁夏、天津、北京、新疆、重庆、甘肃;（3）预计2021年菌糠焚烧污染物总排放量高达4.25×10⁷t,其对生物质焚烧污染物总排放量的贡献率约为19.82%.我国菌糠露天焚烧污染物排放规模较大,应予以重点关注.     

厌氧发酵处理庆大霉素菌渣的可行性及条件优化

采用厌氧发酵处理庆大霉素菌渣,考察了含固率、接种比、接种污泥、发酵底物等因素对庆大霉素菌渣厌氧发酵的影响,并用累积净甲烷产量衡量庆大霉素菌渣进行厌氧发酵的可行性及发酵程度。试验结果证实了庆大霉素菌渣进行厌氧发酵的可行性,其中含固率和接种比对发酵的影响较大,最佳条件为含固率5%,接种比1/3;对比试验所用3种接种污泥,发现接种某造纸厂污水处理IC反应器的厌氧颗粒污泥效果最优,在最优含固率和接种比的条件下,累积净产甲烷量为28.21 m3/t;此外,试验还证实,采用不同菌渣的联合发酵表现出了明显的协同作用,在最优条件下,庆大霉素菌渣与林可霉素菌渣按1∶2的比例联合发酵的产甲烷量可达到37.5 m3/t。     

Efficacy of supplementation of selected medicinal mushrooms with inorganic selenium salts

The aim of the study was to evaluate the possibility of supplementation with inorganic forms of selenium (Na₂SeO₄ and Na₂SeO₃) in concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.5 mM of three medicinal mushroom species: Agrocybe aegerita, Hericium erinaceus and Ganoderma lucidum. Tested mushroom species grew in Se additions of 0–0.6 mM (A. aegerita and H. erinaceus), while growth of G. lucidum bodies was observed for 0–0.8 mM. For the latter mushroom species, the total Se content was the highest. Content of Se_org was diverse; for control bodies it was the highest for G. lucidum (only organic forms were present), lower for A. aegerita (84% organic forms) and the lowest for H. erinaceus (56% organic forms). Accumulation of Se(IV) was generally significantly higher than Se(VI) for all tested mushroom species. There was no significant decrease of A. aegerita or G. lucidum biomass with the exception of G. lucidum bodies growing under 0.8 mM of Se species addition (15.51 ± 6.53 g). Biomass of H. erinaceus bodies was the highest under 0.2 (197.04 ± 8.73 g), control (191.80 ± 6.06 g) and 0.1 mM (185.04 ± 8.73 g) of both inorganic salts. The addition to the medium of Se salts brought about macroscopic changes in the fruiting bodies of the examined mushrooms. Concentrations exceeding 0.4 mM caused diminution of carpophores or even their total absence. In addition, colour changes of fruiting bodies were also recorded. At Se concentrations of 0.4 and 0.6 mM, A. aegerita fruiting bodies were distinctly lighter and those of H. erinaceus changed colour from purely white to white-pink.     

In vitro toxicity of selected fungicides from the groups of benzimidazoles and demethylation inhibitors to Cladobotryum dendroides and Agaricus bisporus

Twenty microfungal isolates were collected from diseased fruiting bodies of Agaricus bisporus sampled from Serbian mushroom farms during 2003–2007. Based on morphological characteristics and pathogenicity tests, the isolates were identified as Cladobotryum dendroides. The isolates of C. dendroides and A. bisporusF56 and U3 were tested for sensitivity to several selected fungicides in vitro. C. dendroides isolates were found to be more sensitive to prochloraz manganese and flusilazole + carbendazim than to the other fungicides tested (EC₅₀ values were 0.09 and 0.11 mg L^{? 1}, respectively) and weakly resistant to thiophanate-methyl (EC₅₀ values ranged between 6.53 and 12.09 mg L^{? 1}). Selectivity indexes of the tested fungicides on both C. dendroidesand A. bisporusindicated that thiophanate-methyl, cyproconazole + carbendazim and flusilazole + carbendazim had much less selective fungitoxicity than benomyl, carbendazim and prochloraz manganese.     

Fungicide sensitivity of Trichoderma spp. from Agaricus bisporus farms in Serbia

Trichoderma species, the causal agents of green mould disease, induce great losses in Agaricus bisporus farms. Fungicides are widely used to control mushroom diseases although green mould control is encumbered with difficulties. The aims of this study were, therefore, to research in vitro toxicity of several commercial fungicides to Trichoderma isolates originating from Serbian and Bosnia-Herzegovina farms, and to evaluate the effects of pH and light on their growth. The majority of isolates demonstrated optimal growth at pH 5.0, and the rest at pH 6.0. A few isolates also grew well at pH 7. The weakest mycelial growth was noted at pH 8.0–9.0. Generally, light had an inhibitory effect on the growth of tested isolates. The isolates showed the highest susceptibility to chlorothalonil and carbendazim (ED₅₀ less than 1 mg L^?1), and were less sensitive to iprodione (ED₅₀ ranged 0.84–6.72 mg L^?1), weakly resistant to thiophanate-methyl (ED₅₀ = 3.75–24.13 mg L^?1), and resistant to trifloxystrobin (ED₅₀ = 10.25–178.23 mg L^?1). Considering the toxicity of fungicides to A. bisporus, carbendazim showed the best selective toxicity (0.02), iprodione and chlorothalonil moderate (0.16), and thiophanate-methyl the lowest (1.24), while trifloxystrobin toxicity to A. bisporus was not tested because of its inefficiency against Trichoderma isolates.     

管式电除尘器“伞形罩”结构的应用

本文通过分析立式管式电除尘器结构及使用现状 ,总结其失效的主要原因在于阳极 (圆筒管 )的清灰不力。为解决清灰不力的问题 ,提出了“伞形罩”阳极结构 ,其具有的不积尘、自动排灰功能 ,经实践检验 ,效果显著     

柑橘/大球盖菇套作下土壤CO2排放及其效率对秸秆还田量的响应

以柑橘/大球盖菇套作模式为研究对象,利用秸秆作为大球盖菇的培养基原料,通过原位试验,连续监测大球盖菇生长期内,不同秸秆还田量(半量、全量和倍量)下土壤CO_2排放规律,并进一步对比栽培大球盖菇(HSM、ASM和DSM)和未栽培大球盖菇(HS、AS和DS)处理下土壤CO_2排放量变化及其影响因素,结合大球盖菇产量及土壤碳排放效率,分析不同秸秆还田量所产生的环境及经济效益,为合理利用柑橘园林下土地提供理论依据.结果表明:①秸秆还田处理的土壤CO_2累积排放量均高于常规种植(CK),随着秸秆还田量的增加呈增加趋势;且栽培大球盖菇处理的土壤CO_2累积排放量大于未栽培大球盖菇,表现为:DSM(52. 09 t·hm-2) ASM(41. 10 t·hm-2) HSM(33. 20 t·hm-2) DS(27. 15 t·hm-2) AS(25. 34t·hm-2) HS(18. 94 t·hm-2) CK(12. 16 t·hm-2);其中,倍量秸秆填埋还田+栽培大球盖菇(DSM)处理的土壤CO_2累积排放量增加最为显著,较CK增加了328. 37%;②对于栽培了大球盖菇的处理,土壤CO_2排放量最大时段均集中在大球盖菇菌丝生长期,其次为出菇后和出菇期;其中DSM处理在菌丝生长期的土壤CO_2累积排放量占其总累积排放量的43. 27%,其次为全量秸秆填埋还田+栽培大球盖菇(ASM,42. 63%)和半量秸秆填埋还田+栽培大球盖菇(HSM,40. 57%);③栽培大球盖菇处理降低了温度敏感系数Q10; 5cm土壤温度能解释27%～71%的土壤CO_2排放速率变化(P 0. 01),而土壤体积含水量单因子对土壤CO_2排放速率不存在显著影响;但双因子拟合发现,5 cm土壤温度和体积含水量可以解释土壤CO_2排放速率变化的36%～82%;④对于栽培了大球盖菇的处理,各处理产量分别为:DSM(49. 7 t·hm-2) ASM(47. 0 t·hm-2) HSM(23. 3 t·hm-2),其中ASM的土壤碳排放效率最高(CEE=1. 14).综上,柑橘/大球盖菇套作模式短期内会显著促进土壤CO_2排放,但同时也提高了柑橘园综合经济效益,其中全量秸秆还田能较好地协调其产生的经济及环境效益.     

菌渣还田量对紫色水稻土净温室气体排放的影响

中国是食用菌生产大国,每年食用菌菌渣产出量较大,为探明菌渣还田量对紫色水稻土净温室气体排放的影响,于2017年3~9月,通过盆栽试验,采用静态暗箱/气相色谱法,研究了不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(NPK)、9 t·hm~(-2)菌渣+NPK(LM)、18 t·hm~(-2)菌渣+NPK(MM)、36 t·hm~(-2)菌渣+NPK(HM)这5种处理稻田土壤温室气体的排放规律,并采用土壤碳库法对农田系统净温室气体排放(NGHGE)进行评价.结果表明:(1)土壤温室气体(包括CH_4、CO_2、N_2O)排放随着菌渣还田量的增加而增加,CH_4排放量顺序为:HMMMLM≈NPKCK;HM处理显著增加了CH_4的排放通量(P0.01),其他处理差异并不显著(P0.05),CH_4排放通量LM处理呈双峰型曲线,MM处理呈多峰型,HM处理呈现非常明显的单峰型曲线;CO_2累积排放量大小依次为:MMNPK≈LMHMCK,CO_2排放通量曲线LM处理呈单峰型、MM处理呈双峰型、HM处理呈现多峰型;NPK处理N_2O累积排放量显著高于其他处理,N_2O排放通量曲线NPK处理呈双峰型、LM和MM处理呈现多峰型,HM呈单峰型变化;(2)LM处理土壤固碳能力较低,NPK、MM与HM处理土壤固碳能力均较高;MM处理土壤固碳能力显著高于其他处理(P0.01),比纯施化肥处理提高了59.2%,比LM和HM处理提高了87.79%和65.65%;与土壤固碳能力相反,LM处理植物固碳能力最高,比NPK和MM处理提高了16.1%~22.2%,约为CK处理和HM处理的2.1倍;(3)MM处理整个水稻生产期NGHGE值最小,为-490.29 kg·hm~(-2),表现为温室气体的"汇",18 t·hm~(-2)菌渣还田是紫色水稻土净温室气体排放最优的还田方式.     

云南山区野生牛肝菌中重金属汞和镉来源分析及食用安全评估

分析重金属在"环境-牛肝菌-人体"系统中的迁移、富集规律,为牛肝菌重金属污染防治及食用安全评价提供依据。采用ICP-AES法测定云南野生牛肝菌及其生长土壤中Cd和Hg含量,分析牛肝菌对重金属的富集特征及牛肝菌的重金属含量与土壤的联系,推测云南野生牛肝菌中重金属Cd和Hg的来源;根据FAO/WHO规定的每周Cd或Hg的允许摄入量(provisional tolerable weekly intake,PTWI)评估牛肝菌的重金属暴露风险。结果显示,(1)不同种类、产地牛肝菌中Hg和Cd含量具有差异,菌盖中Hg、Cd的含量分别在0.92~16.00 mg·kg~(-1)dw,4.97~24.07 mg·kg~(-1)dw之间,菌柄的Hg、Cd含量分别介于0.46~8.2mg·kg~(-1)dw和2.11~22.08 mg·kg~(-1)dw之间。同一种牛肝菌菌盖中Hg或Cd的含量均高于菌柄(Q(C/S)1),表明牛肝菌菌盖对Hg和Cd的富集能力强于菌柄。(2)牛肝菌菌盖和菌柄对Hg的富集系数(bioaccumulation factor,BCF)分别在1.72~19.12和1.30~6.40之间,菌盖、菌柄的Hg含量均高于相应生长土壤的含量,其中采自楚雄永仁县的铜色牛肝菌菌盖的Hg含量是土壤的19.12倍,表明牛肝菌中的Hg不仅来自土壤,根据山地"Hg诱捕效应"及云南大气Hg升高的相关报道,可以推测云南野生牛肝菌中的Hg主要来源于大气沉降。(3)牛肝菌菌盖、菌柄对Cd的富集系数分别在0.16~1.82和0.07~1.67之间,多数牛肝菌的Cd含量低于土壤含量,表明牛肝菌中的Cd主要来自生长土壤。(4)假设成年人(60 kg)毎周食用300 g新鲜牛肝菌则多数牛肝菌菌盖、菌柄的Hg摄入量低于PTWI(Hg)标准,Hg的暴露风险较低(假设未通过其他途径摄入Hg);食用300 g黑粉孢牛肝菌菌盖或菌柄摄入的Cd达到0.722 mg和0.662 mg,超过PTWI(Cd)标准,食用有Cd暴露风险。     

植物激素对平菇菌丝生长及酶活性的影响

采用固体平板和液体摇瓶培养方法,研究了赤霉素、2,4-D、吲哚乙酸和萘乙酸4种激素对平菇-126菌丝生长及酶活性的影响。结果表明,吲哚乙酸虽然能提高发酵液胞外蛋白的含量和过氧化物酶活性,但对菌丝的生长起抑制作用,这与吲哚乙酸能引起平菇菌丝裂解和细胞膜渗漏有关;萘乙酸、低浓度2,4-D能促进菌丝的伸长;萘乙酸、赤霉素在低浓度下也能促进菌丝的分枝,对菌丝的生长整体上起促进作用。除吲哚乙酸外,其他3种激素对平菇菌丝生长影响都有两重性：低浓度下能促进菌丝的生长,浓度过高则会对菌丝生长产生毒害作用。