Application of Cellulose Microfibrils in Polymer Nanocomposites

Cellulose microfibrils obtained by the acid hydrolysis of cellulose fibers were added at low concentrations (2–10% w/w) to polymer gels and films as reinforcing agents. Significant changes in mechanical properties, especially maximum load and tensile strength, were obtained for fibrils derived from several cellulosic sources, including cotton, softwood, and bacterial cellulose. For extruded starch plastics, the addition of cotton-derived microfibrils at 10.3% (w/w) concentration increased Young’s modulus by 5-fold relative to a control sample with no cellulose reinforcement. Preliminary data suggests that shear alignment significantly improves tensile strength. Addition of microfibrils does not always change mechanical properties in a predictable direction. Whereas tensile strength and modulus were shown to increase during addition of microfibrils to an extruded starch thermoplastic and a cast latex film, these parameters decreased when microfibrils were added to a starch–pectin blend, implying that complex interactions are involved in the application of these reinforcing agents.     

利用果胶培养基分离番茄根际细菌

采用平板稀释和PCR-DGGE相结合的方法,比较了4种培养基(果胶富营养培养基PM,只含果胶一种营养的培养基PA,添加果胶的寡营养培养基YPP以及与YPP营养成分一致但不添加果胶的寡营养培养基YPG)分离番茄根际细菌的能力.结果显示:PA培养基能够分离到42种形态的细菌;YPP培养基可以分离到最高的细菌菌落数,分离获得的种类比PA少;YPP培养基分离获得细菌的种类和菌落数量比YPG培养基要多.聚类分析也显示只有果胶一种营养的PA培养基能分离到最多种类,分离获得的菌群与自然环境中微生物群落最相似.研究结果表明添加番茄根际主要分泌物——果胶到培养基中可以提高培养基分离细菌的能力.     

A review on the potential of citrus waste for D-Limonene,pectin, and bioethanol production

Citrus peel waste is a valuable lignocellulosic feedstock for bioethanol production due to its richness in fermentable sugars and low lignin content. Citrus peel contains two major value-added products: d-limonene and pectin. d-Limonene is widely used in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. However, it acts as a microbial growth inhibitor for yeast during the fermentation process and hence it has to be removed prior to fermentation. Pectin is used as thickening agent, gelling agent, and stabilizer in the food industry. Since pectin increases the viscosity of the fermentation medium and makes fermentation troublesome, it has to be either extracted or degraded into galacturonic acid using pectinase enzyme. Thus, the removal and recovery of both D-limonene and pectin from citrus peel are essential for better fermentation. For bioethanol production, pretreatment plays a crucial role in the utilization of citrus peels since the reduction of d-limonene concentration to less than 0.05% is necessary. This review solely describes the potential of citrus waste for value added products such as d-limonene and pectin and the production of bioethanol from citrus peel waste is discussed in detail.     

桑皮胶质绿色降解方法

桑皮纤维作为天然纤维的新品种,是"绿色纺织品"或"生态纺织品"的典型产品原料,研究桑皮纤维具有重大的理论和实际意义。探讨了桑皮胶质绿色降解方法,探寻出温度、时间、pH值、接种量等条件与残胶率的关系,再通过正交试验确定其最佳工艺条件为:温度37℃、时间22h、pH7.3、接种量12.5%,此时残胶率为13.4%。对胶质降解后的桑皮纤维进行长度、细度、断裂强度性能测试,其长度为35—45mm,细度为3.6—4.0dt,断裂强度为3.71—5.07cN/dt。     

沉淀——吸附法处理果胶工艺废水

利用果胶废水中的Al（Ⅲ）和石灰乳沉淀,并用炉渣、活性碳脱色的方法,处理盐板法提取果胶的工艺废水。通过正效实验,研究了最佳工艺条件。该工艺处理后的废水,Al（Ⅲ）去除率96.8％,CODCr去除率为92.7％,SO4^2－去除率为61.5％,且废渣产出量少。     

黄孢原毛平革菌处理果胶废水

实验研究了菌体接种量、氮源、氮源浓度、温度和pH等不同因素条件下,黄孢原毛平革菌对果胶废水中果胶和COD去除效率的影响。结果表明,接种量为10 g/L时,黄孢原毛平革菌对果胶和COD的去除率最高,分别为96%和83%。酒石酸铵为黄孢原毛平革菌处理果胶废水的最佳氮源,其最佳浓度为0.8 g/L,在此条件下,菌体对果胶和COD的去除率分别为96%和84%。废水温度为25~35℃,废水pH值为4~5时,黄孢原毛平革菌对果胶废水中果胶和COD的去除效率分别可达95%及80%以上。黄孢原毛平革菌处理果胶废水的研究结果可为实际废水处理工程技术工艺的设计提供参考价值和指导意义。     

有机废水两相厌氧消化工艺相分离问题的探讨

本文通过对厌氧微生物代谢机理和有关实验结果的分析，对两相厌氧消化工艺中的分相同题进行了深入探讨，澄清了产酸相和产甲烷相的概念，讨论了相分离的可行性和途径，并解释了一些试验中出现的问题。     

厌氧生物法处理果胶废水的研究

采用经果胶废水驯化的厌氧污泥处理果胶废水,考察了果胶浓度、温度对厌氧去除果胶和COD的影响,并对降解产物进行了分析.结果表明,与未驯化厌氧污泥处理果胶废水相比,驯化后的污泥对果胶去除率提高了59.2%.果胶浓度分别为100、2 500和4 500 mg·L-1时,果胶降解速率分别为4.5、49.8和74.0 mg·(L·h)-1,说明果胶浓度越高,降解速率越快.果胶浓度低于500 mg·L-1,COD去除率较低,仅为41.6%~82.0%,果胶浓度高于1 000 mg·L-1,COD去除率稳定在91%以上.温度越高,降解果胶所需的时间越短.随着温度在5~35℃范围内变化,厌氧污泥对果胶废水中COD的去除率从38.6%逐渐增加到91.5%,当温度高于35℃时,厌氧污泥对果胶废水中COD的去除率逐渐降低.果胶降解的中间产物主要是乙酸、丙酸、低级酯、烷基醇(C12~C40).     

蚕沙资源的综合开发及利用探析

蚕沙中含有多种有用的化学成分,其用途广泛、开发和利用前景广阔,从蚕沙中可以提取叶绿素、果胶、植醇、叶蛋白等多种化学物质。简介了蚕沙的化学组成和保存方法,详细论述了从蚕沙中提取叶绿素、果胶、植醇、叶蛋白等物质的工艺流程、应用现状及研究进展,最后得出开发蚕沙资源应该变单一提取个别产品为分级提取多种产品,不但可以保护环境、节约资源,还可大大提高蚕沙的综合利用价值,产生可观的经济效益。     

柑橘皮中果胶提取条件的研究

利用酸性水解乙醇沉淀法提取果胶,分别测定了不同的浸泡时间、酸碱度及水解温度对果胶产率的影响.结果表明:浸泡时间与水解时间过长或过短,酸碱度及水解温度过高或过低,果胶的产率均不高,只有浸泡时间在2h左右、水解时间在2～2.5h、pH在2～3之间、水解温度在80～95℃时果胶的得率最大.