Urbanisation and flood vulnerability in the peri-urban interface of Mexico City

Chronic flooding in the Chalco valley, state of Mexico, Mexico, is the outcome of past and present socio‐environmental changes which have taken place in Mexico City's south‐eastern peri‐urban interface. This flooding is the result of a complex interaction between urbanisation in an ex‐lacustrine area, permanent ecological deterioration and ground subsidence, poor sanitation and inadequate policy responses. Far from solving the flooding problem, short‐term policy responses have created increasingly unsafe conditions for current residents. A socio‐historical analysis of disasters reveals the importance of taking into consideration particular social actors and institutions in hazard generation and flood vulnerability over time. This paper analyses three aspects of this flooding: first, the importance of approaching floods from a socio‐historical perspective; second, the relation between urbanisation, former policies and flood risk generation; and third, current policy responses to and the failure in the risk management of La Compañía Canal.     

Assessment of lead pollution in topsoils of a southern Italy area: Analysis of urban and peri-urban environment

Exposure to lead (Pb) may affect adversely human health. Mapping soil Pb contents is essential to obtain a quantitative estimate of potential risk of Pb contamination. The main aim of this paper was to determine the soil Pb concentrations in the urban and peri-urban area of Cosenza–Rende to map their spatial distribution and assess the probability that soil Pb concentration exceeds a critical threshold that might cause concern for human health. Samples were collected at 149 locations from residual and non-residual topsoil in gardens, parks, flower-beds, and agricultural fields. Fine earth fraction of soil samples was analyzed by X-ray Fluorescence spectrometry. Stochastic images generated by the sequential Gaussian simulation were jointly combined to calculate the probability of exceeding the critical threshold that could be used to delineate the potentially risky areas. Results showed areas in which Pb concentration values were higher to the Italian regulatory values. These polluted areas were quite large and likely, they could create a significant health risk for human beings and vegetation in the near future. The results demonstrated that the proposed approach can be used to study soil contamination to produce geochemical maps, and identify hot-spot areas for soil Pb concentration.     

河谷型城市城乡结合部景观格局空间尺度效应分析——以兰州市西固区土地利用格局为例

以兰州市西固区土地利用格局为例,利用2005年SPOT5遥感影像和正射航空影像数据,选取14个常用的景观指数,从景观水平和类型水平2个方面分析景观指数随尺度变化的基本规律,采用200m×200m正方形将研究区土地利用数据切分成规则格网,计算每个格网的多样性指数,通过半方差分析研究西固区多样性空间结构特征。结果表明:10m是西固区土地利用景观的本征观测尺度;研究区景观类型和景观格局特征随尺度增大变化显著,体现出一定的尺度依赖性;各乡(镇、街道)的景观指数呈现出城市中心—城乡交错带—乡村的分异特征,梯度变化明显;西固区多样性空间分布属于中等强度空间相关,高值区主要分布于黄河沿岸。     

Function of Agricultural Land Use and Its Evolvement in Peri-urban Area: A Case Study of Beijing

Abstract

Rapid urbanization in Beijing stimulates the urban land expansion and diminishes available agricultural land. Monofunctional agricultural land use can not meet the demand of the development of the multifunctional agriculture and urbanization any more, so multifunctional agricultural land use is going to be promoted in the city. This article proposes the evolvement of the land use change from 1992 to 2004 and discusses some evolvement views.     

黑土区城郊耕地重金属污染空间扩散机制

城郊复杂环境条件下的耕地土壤重金属污染空间扩散机制是落实土壤污染源头防控和保障黑土地质量安全的基础.针对以往溯源研究中污染源头难定位和扩散趋势不明确等问题,以长春市城郊地区为例,以耕地土壤As、Pb、Hg和Cd元素为研究对象,采用近邻传播（AP）算法和空间自回归的扩散格局-驱动因素组合分析法尝试揭示黑土区城郊耕地重金属污染空间扩散机制.结果表明,ω（As）和ω（Cd）均值分别为39.35mg ·kg^-1和0.183 mg ·kg^-1,累积水平较高.内梅罗指数显示研究区有52.38%的耕地已出现轻度污染.AP算法识别出As存在3个影响幅度相似的潜在污染源地,均位于远离城市的典型农耕区;Pb元素的2个潜在污染源地集中分布于范家屯镇附近的工业区;Hg和Cd元素的扩散格局复杂,尤其是Cd元素,呈现多地并发的污染扩散特征.空间滞后模型表明,As元素的空间扩散格局和农药施用强度有关;Cd元素主要受土壤类型和设施农业布局的制约;Pb元素受区域城镇化和工业化发展的影响;Hg元素和区域污染迁移条件相关.污染调蓄功能未对4种元素的空间扩散格局产生显著影响.研究丰富了耕地重金属污染的空间分析理论和方法,对落实城郊黑土地的污染源头防控具有科学意义.     

半城市化地区土地利用变化及驱动力分析——以厦门市集美区为例

半城市化地区是在快速城市化进程中产生的一种过渡类型地域,伴随着剧烈的土地利用竞争和矛盾,土地利用变化迅速的特征。以厦门市集美区为例分析了半城市化地区土地利用演变规律,发现1987-2007年间研究区土地利用强度持续提高,城市建设用地和农村建设用地增加,农用地和淡水水域面积减少。矩阵转移分析结果表明,城市建设用地的增加主要来自未利用地、农用地和农村建设用地,农村建设用地的增加主要由农用地和未利用地转化而来,农用地是城市化过程中最容易受到侵占的土地利用类型。建设用地变化与非农业人口、总GDP,第二产业产值、固定资产投资、农民人均纯收入、实际利用外资、房地产投资呈现显著的正相关关系,是建设用地变化的主要驱动力。农用地面积变化与非农人口、总GDP、第一产业产值、第二产业产值、农民人均纯收入以及实际利用外资呈现显著的负相关关系。集美半城市化地区土地利用变化的主要驱动力包括城市人口增长、土地利用政策、经济结构调整、公共基础设施的发展以及国家政策。     

Whose land? Whose water? Water rights,equity and justice in a peri-urban context

Based on research in peri-urban areas, this paper explores questions of water justice in the context of emerging global cities. With the growth of large cities, authorities focus on meeting their water needs through infrastructure expansion and supply augmentation. The changing water needs and priorities of peri-urban locations, which provide land and water for urban expansion, receive scant attention. This paper looks at changing patterns of water use between rural and urban uses, based on research in peri-urban Gurgaon, an emerging outsourcing and recreation hub of North West India. It describes the diversity of ways in which peri-urban residents lose access to water as the city expands. These processes raise important questions about water justice, about the politics of urban expansion, and the implicit biases about whom these cities are meant for.     

Sustainability aspects of vegetable production in the peri-urban environment of Bogotá, Colombia

Although the peri-urban region around Bogotá, Colombia contains a diversified horticulture sector, local vegetable production suffers from a critical lack of research and availability of un-biased, scientifically validated information on crop management. In this study, we identify current trends and deficiencies in fertilisation and pest management for local vegetable production. We relate pesticide type with target pests, evaluate temporal patterns in pesticide and fertiliser use for a key crop (i.e. spinach) and conduct basic nutrient budget accounting. Personal interviews with vegetable growers were combined with a detailed follow-up of management activities and soil nutrient profiles on pilot farms in two different peri-urban municipalities. Most (84%) vegetable growers relied on personal experience, and indicated a lack of unbiased information on fertiliser effectiveness and pesticide action spectra. The majority of farmers used pesticide mixtures on a calendar basis and commonly applied products below recommended doses. Soil nutrient accounts indicate insufficient fertilisation and a progressive depletion of key nutrients. Extraction rates for the principal vegetable crops exceeded by 33.6%, 20.5% and 93.0% soil nutrient availability of N, P and K, respectively. Organic products are included in local fertilisation schemes, with chicken manure as the principal source, at an average application rate of 6 t ha^?1. Our findings could help policymakers and local institutions set a research and extension agenda to promote sustainable peri-urban vegetable production and help secure peri-urban livelihoods while ensuring healthy and safe horticultural production.     

典型城郊土地利用格局对水体抗生素的影响研究

阐明城郊地区土地利用格局对水环境中抗生素的影响,对维持城乡共生体水土安全和保障人居环境健康有重要意义.本研究基于典型城郊流域的定位监测,比较了不同等级子流域水体抗生素的组成、浓度和分布特征,探讨了土地利用格局对水体抗生素的影响.结果表明,研究区水体中抗生素浓度为1.126~54.236 ng·L^-1,不同等级子流域水体抗生素的种类和浓度有较大的差异.子流域土地利用结构与水体抗生素的种类和浓度密切相关,由主坐标分析（PCoA）可知,具有相似土地利用结构的子流域水体抗生素组成和浓度具有相似性.相关分析表明,子流域中城镇、农田和林地的面积比例与水体中四环素类抗生素（TCs）的浓度密切相关,而园地面积比例与水体中磺胺类抗生素（SAs）的浓度关系密切.耦合景观格局分析表明,水体抗生素总浓度与香农多样性指数（SHDI）和蔓延度指数（CONTAG）呈显著相关性（p<0.05）;四环素类抗生素与边界密度（ED）、香农多样性指数、均匀度指数（SHEI）、蔓延度指数和聚集度指数（AI）呈显著相关性（p<0.05）.通过构建逐步回归模型进一步表明,水体抗生素的浓度与园地、林地面积和香农多样性指数关系密切.研究结果表明受人类活动干扰程度大、景观破碎化较为严重的区域水体抗生素的浓度较高.     

城乡交错区农田土壤重金属总量及形态空间分布特征与源分析--以河南省某市东郊城乡交错区为例

开展城乡交错区农田土壤重金属空间变异及其源解析研究,对于维护农田生态系统健康与合理进行土地利用规划具有重要意义.以河南省某市东郊城乡交错区为例,采用200 m×200 m网格布点法采集表层土壤样品共259个.用ICP-MS测定了土壤重金属(Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr和Ni)含量,基于Arcgis10.1采用IDW插值法分析研究区表层土壤重金属空间变异特征,并结合Tessier的形态提取法分析不同区域重金属的来源特征.结果表明:研究区表层土壤中重金属Cd、Zn、Pb与Cu的含量变异性较为显著,且明显高于对照区.空间分布上,在化工厂与排污河附近存在明显的高浓度区,污灌与化工厂等排污河水的侧渗是造成农田污染的首要原因,化工企业的降尘对农田污染起到了耦合效应;且在这些区域重金属Cd、Zn、Pb和Cu的非残余态含量较高,具有较高的活性和生物可利用性,存在较高的潜在健康风险.而本研究未发现火电厂周围和铁路两侧等农田土壤中有明显的重金属积累现象,且在这些样区重金属多以较稳定的形态存在,活性较低,存在较低的潜在健康风险.除工业源、交通源外,农业源中化肥的不同施用量对土壤中重金属的空间差异也产生了一定的影响.