经济增长、市场化改革与土地违法

在当前中国经济快速增长和市场化改革逐步推进的过程中,始终面临着较为严重的土地违法问题;土地违法行为的主体不仅包括企事业单位和令人,更涉及各级地方政府以及农村集体组织.为深入了解经济增长与市场化改革对不同主体土地违法行为的影响,本文进行了初步的理论探讨,并运用全国层面的统计数据开展了相应的实证分析.结果表明,随着经济增长速度的加快,政府和企业的土地违法面积均显著增加;而土地市场化水平的提高则能有效减少土地违法的案件数.进一步地,经济增长和市场化改革对各级政府以及企事业单位、个人和农村集体组织土地违法行为的影响也存在一定的差异.本文的研究也指出,为有效控制土地违法行为的扩大,中国政府仍需采取转变经济增长方式、稳步推进市场化改革、引导企事业单位有序用地和不断完善土地督察制度等措施.     

试论执行力文化的构建与政府行政效率的提高

首先论述了执行力文化的提出及内涵,随后说明了导致政府行政效率低下的3个原因,由此引出了在政府中倡导构建执行力文化是提高政府效率的有效手段,最后以秦皇岛市为例,说明了在政府中如何构建执行力文化的几个方面内容.     

The Environmental Effects of New Zealand’s Free-Market Reforms

This paper explains one way in which New Zealand’s free-market reforms have adversely affected its environment. Liberalisation of New Zealand’s economy has radically changed the determinants of agricultural export success, largely due to the elimination of subsidies to domestic producers, and of tariffs on imports. In this exposed agricultural milieu, the dairy industry has thrived; cow numbers have increased by over 50%, with commensurate increases in herd and farm sizes. With this rapid expansion has come increasing pollution of New Zealand’s waterways. New Zealand’s Resource Management Act 1991 is potentially capable of controlling these adverse effects; however, its implementation was slow and piecemeal throughout the 1990s. So, at the same time as production and pollution from dairy farming expanded, the efficacy of environmental policy was limited. The resulting implementation gap has put at risk the ‘clean and green’ image that is an important component of New Zealand’s agricultural export success.Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

Environmental assessment in countries in transition: evolution in a changing context

Over the last fifteen years, Environmental Assessment systems of transitional societies of Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia have undergone dramatic change from appraisals integrated into centrally planned economies to formal procedures aimed to ensure interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts and linked to publicly accountable decision-making. In most Central European nations, EA systems have been radically reformed to approximate the procedures used in developed countries, particularly in the European Union. In contrast, EA in most of the former Soviet republics has been reformed more gradually and is still based on the so-called State Environmental Review procedure inherited from the USSR and substantially different from 'Western' EA. About one-third of the transitional countries (in the Balkans, the Caucasus and Central Asia) have, so far, failed to establish functioning EA systems. Throughout the region, there has been a gap between EA legislation and practice, especially concerning interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts, public participation, and utilisation of EA findings in decision-making. A key driving force in the reform of EA systems has been the change in their societal context, the so-called 'process of transition'. Three main policy agendas--environmental protection, reforms of decision-making, and conforming to international requirements--along with the institutional context of EA regulations and practice have influenced both the change of EA systems over time and the regional variations in the patterns of their evolution. This study suggests that an effective reform of an EA system should be context-sensitive, or be 'in gear' with the political and economic transition. Future EA research should consider their changing societal contexts and focused on practical effects of applying EA procedures.     

Refuting the paradigm of water services privatisation

The aim of this article is to question the fundamental assumptions behind privatisation and public–private partnerships. The article shows that instead of radically increasing private sector involvement, public sector reforms should be seriously considered. Public–private partnerships should be implemented so that the strengths of all the stakeholders may be fully utilised.     

Building Institutions for Markets: Experiences and Lessons from China's Rural Forest Sector

Through the lens of institutional economics, this paper reviews the reform and development experience in China's rural forest sector and discusses lessons that can be learned by China and other countries. We find that the impacts of the reforms, characterized by changes in forest tenures and market settings, hinge on how they are implemented. If farmers are granted not only land use rights but also liberalized market access, as shown in the northern farm region and the production of non-timber forest products, the incentive structure will be improved, and thus forest production will grow and producers and consumers will benefit. If the reforms are implemented in such a way as to cause market control and distortions, as witnessed in the southern traditional timber production region, the incentive structure will improve little. The chances for production increase will thus be diminished, making it difficult for producers and consumers to enhance their welfare. While tenure arrangements have evolved across the country in the 1990s, timber production in the south remains subject to allowable quota, cutting permit, government procurement, and heavy taxation. We wonder what the land use and tree ownership rights mean without the right to access market freely and fairly, and how practical it is to substitute government efforts for private initiatives in a successful forestry program. The time has come for Chinese policymakers to address these problems.     

电力企业安全生产形势及问题探讨

电力企业的安全管理关系着国家能源安全可靠、经济持续发展,和人民生活起居。本文介绍了电力企业中安全问题的重要性及其表现,阐述了近年来电力企业在安全方面存在的主要问题,及对安全管理造成的影响,提出了提高电力企业安全管理水平四个方面的措施:领导重视、加强监控力度;完善法规制度、主抓安全技术措施落实;防范电力市场改革中的安全风险;提升安全管理信息化建设等。体现了“以人为本、安全第一、和谐发展”的理念。     

Climate and international trade policies when emissions affect production possibilities

In this paper, we develop a model of international trade and climate change in which emission discharges arising from production have a feedback effect on national production sectors by impacting upon effective factor endowments. With this context, the objectives are, first, to provide a general characterization of Pareto-efficient climate and trade policies and, second, to examine the possibility – starting from non-Pareto-efficient equilibria – for Pareto-improving environmental policies. We provide conditions under which several particular reforms of carbon taxes are welfare improving.     

深入调查研究 把握主要矛盾 努力开创防震减灾工作新局面

在“九五”期间 ,江苏省地震局深入调查研究 ,把握主要矛盾 ,深化各项改革 ,狠抓实事实办 ,强化政府行政职能 ,加强宣传力度 ,加强地方地震机构建设 ,注重规划和计划的制订与实施 ,不断理顺拨款渠道 ,健全地方财政对地震事业投入的预算体制 ,健全行政规章、规范管理行为 ,加强法规建设、强化法制管理。经努力 ,各项工作取得了明显成效 ,1 996～ 1 999年 ,全局各类经费总来源为前 4年的 3 1倍 ;地震监测系统的数字化、通讯系统的计算机网络化、分析预报系统的应急决策指挥系统现代化建设取得明显进展。地震监测预报工作为保障全省经济建设顺利进行 ,维护社会稳定作出重要贡献。全局职工的住房得到明显改善 ,4年中在宁职工人均增加住房面积约 2 0m2 。人均总收入也较从前有大幅度提高。新建园艺绿地面积约 4 0 0 0m2 。工作体会主要是 ,领导班子同心协力是搞好工作的关键 ,广大职工的积极性是搞好工作的基础 ,各级领导坚持“两手抓”是搞好工作的根本 ,领导干部始终不懈地讲学习、讲政治、讲正气是搞好工作的前提     

新形势下对高等数学教学改革的思考

本文讨论了新形势下对高等数学教学提出的要求,以及原有的高等数学教学体系存在的矛盾,进而提出了对于高等数学进行教学改革的几点建议.