土壤污染物的生态毒理效应和风险评估研究进展

环境生态风险评估（ERA）流程已经被纳入全球环境政策中,既用于规范新化学物质的授权和营销（前瞻性环境生态风险评估）,也用于评估潜在的污染场地（回顾性环境生态风险评估）。将土壤生态毒理学应用于风险评估,能阐明有毒物质对土壤生态系统中生命有机体的危害程度与范围。笔者主要介绍了应用评估因子法和物种敏感度分布法对基于效应数据进行的外推与估算,并综述了欧美等主要国家和地区的土壤生态风险评估框架、相关法律法规及其实施情况等,为中国开展土壤污染物生态毒理效应和风险评估等相关研究提供参考。     

Cultured human-cell-based bioassay for environmental risk management

Among bioassays for evaluating various impacts of chemicalson humans and ecosystems, those based on culturedmammalian-cells can best predict acute lethal toxicity to humans. Weexpect them to be employed in the future in environmentalrisk management alongside mutagenicity tests and endocrine-disrupting activity tests. We recently developed adisposable bioassay device that immobilizes humanhepatocarcinoma cells in a small micropipette tip. Thisenables very quick (within 2 h) evaluation of acute lethaltoxicity to humans. For bioassay-based environmentalmanagement, 2 promising approaches have been demonstrated bythe US-EPA: toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) andtoxicity reduction evaluation (TRE). The Japanese Ministryof Environment has been supporting a multi-center validationproject, aimed at assembling a bioassay database. To makefull use of these resources, we present a numerical modelthat describes contribution of individual chemical toobserved toxicity. This will allow the selection of the mosteffective countermeasure to reduce the toxicity. Bioassay-based environmental risk management works retrospectively,whereas impact assessment using substance flow models andtoxicity databases works prospective. We expect that these 2approaches will exchange information, act complementarily,and work effectively in keeping our environment healthy inthe 21st century.     

小水电资源区域开发环境影响回顾性评价案例分析——以海南省为例

在小水电资源区域开发规划环境影响报告书编制中应设置小水电资源区域开发环境影响回顾性评价专题,对规划区域小水电资源开发过程产生的环境问题进行调查和回顾性评价,从中发现小水电资源开发存在的环境问题,并提出规避的对策。海南省小水电资源开发规划环境影响报告书小水电资源区域开发环境影响回顾性评价专题案例。通过遥感影像判读及现场调查发现,选址不当、断流、减水、沙化、景观破坏、植被覆盖率降低及外来物种入侵、水土流失、用水矛盾、影响渔业资源等环境问题普遍存在,主要原因是环境行政管理虚位。主要对策有：在小水电资源开发规划及项目可行性研究报告中,应将环境法规符合性及环保投资列为重要内容;实施工程环境监理;加强竣工环保验收;将水电站下泄生态流量等环保措施执行情况的现场检查纳入常态工作范畴。     

合肥高新区资源能源消耗回顾性评价研究

以合肥高新技术产业开发区为例,利用2003年-2008年的资源能源数据,通过回顾性评价研究方法,分析出新鲜水耗量是在正常消耗范围、单位工业增加值废水产生量低于国家标准值、综合能耗弹性系数呈下降趋势和控制SO2排放量的必要性等一系列问题,这对合肥高新区今后的发展将起到积极指导作用。     

山东省淄博市大气环境质量回顾评价与分析

采用了1992～2001年的SO2、PM10、NO2三种污染物的年均浓度,来表征淄博市的大气环境质量,运用模糊综合评判-灰色关联分析复合模型,对这10年的大气质量进行评价,并对污染的成因进行了分析,最后提出了防治对策.     

草原区露天煤矿开发景观格局影响回顾性评价——以胜利一号露天矿为例

本文以胜利一号露天矿为例,通过解译近40年来矿区周边的遥感影像图片,对矿区周边的景观类型和景观格局变化进行回顾性评价,结果表明：（1）目前胜利一号露天矿周边景观以草原景观为主,75.41%的景观为草原景观,其中以克氏针茅草原所占面积最大,占整个评价区面积的60.22%,其次为羊草草原景观（占11.58%）。（2）胜利一号露天矿周边景观类型在近40年来发生了明显变化,草原景观不断减少,而人工景观类型却在不断增加2,000年以后人工景观增加幅度最大,2010年人工景观类型面积是2000年的3.54倍。（3）胜利一号露天矿周边土壤质地正逐步由低湿化向中生化和砾石质化转变,草原景观类型也发生了一定变化,与1973年相比2,010年克氏针茅草原面积增加了14.22%,而羊草草原面积却降低了53.6%。（4）人工景观的增加使得矿区周边整个景观更趋于多样化,景观分布也趋于均匀,而景观优势度指数降低,景观斑块密度逐渐增大,最大斑块指数、平均斑块周长面积比、最近邻体距离、蔓延度指数逐渐减小,景观斑块趋于小型化,使景观异质性增加,景观破碎化加大。（5）人工景观的增加使草原景观内部的多样性和均匀度正在遭受破坏;而且随着草原景观中克氏针茅草原面积的不断增加,草原景观的优势度指数不断增加。     

Making sense of organizational change: Is hindsight really 20/20?

This qualitative study explores the conceptual links between 2 different approaches to managerial cognition, sensemaking and cognitive bias, in the context of organizational change. A longitudinal case study utilizing both real‐time assessments and retrospective sensemaking data from interviews with 26 hospital employees at 3 points in time was undertaken. Patterns related to individuals' retrospective accounts and real‐time assessments were identified and used to construct 4 prototypical narratives. Data analysis revealed that organizational change was not a markedly negative experience for most informants, which is contrary to the prevailing theme in the literature. This and other findings are discussed in terms of sensemaking and cognitive bias. This study makes 2 contributions to our understanding of how individual's experience and make sense of organizational change over time as (a) little is known about how the process of change unfolds over time at the individual level and (b) extant research has not investigated the extent to which individuals' retrospective sensemaking about organizational change reflects or diverges from their real‐time assessments over the course of the change. More broadly, the study provides insights and focused advice for management researchers regarding the use of retrospective data to understand individuals' perceptions of situations that have already occurred.     

滇池流域水污染防治规划回顾性评估

为了准确把握"十二五"水污染防治规划的方向,需要对已完成的规划进行回顾性评估。滇池流域历经"九五"、"十五"、"十一五"阶段的投资与治理,共计投入222.3亿元,水环境保护工作取得了一定的进展。本文对滇池流域规划投入的资金用途进行了归类,其中58%用于污染治理。通过径向基函数神经网络模拟,可见规划执行以及环保投资对滇池的BOD5,CODMn和Chla等水质指标具有一定的改善作用。此外,还分析了近年来滇池水质相对于昆明市的经济发展水平的相对变化趋势。最后,对规划的污染控制、生态修复、资源调配、技术示范、监督管理等方面进行了回顾性评估,并给出了改进建议。     

大型磷铵企业环境风险的回顾性评价

对某大型磷企业所发生的环境污染事故进行了回顾性环境风险评价。评价结果表明，事故发生概率（P）大小依次为PSO2、PF、PH2SO4、PNH3；污染因子风险（R）大小依次为：RSO2、PH2SO4、RF、RNH3；不同类别事故风险（R）大小依次为：R操作、R过失、R设备、R管理。评价结果可作为风险防范的科学依据。