外源稀土La在沉积物中的形态及其生物可利用性

将沉积物中的外源稀土La分为可溶解态、酸可提取态、有机质及硫化物结合态,研究了小球藻(Chlorella Vulgaris Beijerinck)对这三种形态La的生物可利用性.研究结果表明:这三种形态的La在沉积物中的含量与其在藻中的含量有很好的相关关系.其中可溶解态La的生物可利用性最大,这说明,沉积物中La的释放对其生物可利用性至关重要.     

The influence of solid matrices on arsenic toxicity to Corophium orientale

In marine ecosystems, benthic organisms are really important because they are the first step in the transfer of contaminants from environment to biota. To this end, this study focused on biological assays with the amphipod Corophium orientale exposed to two different molecules of arsenic: arsenate (As^V), the most abundant form in sediments, and dimethyl-arsinate (DMA), expected to be moderately toxic as an intermediate in the process of detoxification. The toxicity of arsenic compounds was measured after exposure to three different matrices: water, spiked natural sediment and inert spiked quartz sand. LC₅₀ values were calculated for each exposure, and the results confirmed the highest toxicity of As^V, in addition to underlining the importance of matrix of exposure. Water exposure was the matrix which presented the highest toxicity for inorganic arsenic (As^V LC₅₀=3.51 mg L^?1 vs DMA LC₅₀=54.65 mg L^?1), spiked natural sediment demonstrated its capability to chelate arsenate toxicity (As^V LC₅₀=34.27 mg kg^?1 vs. DMA LC₅₀=52.19 mg kg^?1) and spiked quartz sand presented intermediate values for As^V (LC₅₀=25.26 mg kg^?1), whereas for DMA a lower toxicity was registered (LC₅₀=872.35 mg kg^?1). This study can provide some useful data linked with chemical speciation of arsenic and exposure matrix, for improving the correct management of contaminated sediment.     

淡水沉积物中重金属对底栖生物毒性及其生物有效性研究

以淡水单孔蚓(Monopylephorous limosus)、伸展摇蚊(Chironomus tentans)为受试生物,以生长抑制率、死亡率、自断率为测试终点,研究了沉积物中5种重金属(Cu、Cd、Ni、Pb、Zn)对底栖生物的毒性效应,探讨了沉积物中酸挥发性硫化物(Acid Volatile Sulfide,AVS)和同时提取金属(Simultaneously Extracted Metals,SEM)与生物毒性之间的关系.结果表明:5种金属加标沉积物对淡水单孔蚓和伸展摇蚊的毒性顺序分别是Cd(LC50281 mg·kg-1)Ni(LC50646 mg·kg-1)Cu(LC50830 mg·kg-1)Pb(LC501040 mg·kg-1)Zn(LC501320 mg·kg-1);Cd(LC5026.3 mg·kg-1)Pb(LC50248 mg·kg-1)≈Cu(LC50256 mg·kg-1)Ni(LC50343 mg·kg-1)Zn(LC501400 mg·kg-1).当SEM/AVS1时,除Cd外其他4种金属对淡水单孔蚓、伸展摇蚊幼虫均表现出较为明显的毒性效应,而且Pb、Ni、Zn对两种生物的毒性效应与SEM/AVS值之间表现出良好的一致性,说明SEM/AVS可以较好的反映沉积物中重金属的生物有效性.     

湘江沉积物镉和汞质量基准的建立及其应用

沉积物质量基准是保护底栖生物免受污染物危害的保护性临界水平,可用来评估与沉积物结合的污染物的影响,并为底栖生物保护和沉积物的科学管理提供依据.分析了湘江43个采样点沉积物、上覆水、间隙水和植物中Cd和Hg含量,选取钩虾做沉积物毒理实验,利用相平衡分配法、加标毒理实验法和背景值法确定湘江沉积物Cd和Hg质量基准低值(SQC-L)分别为1.89 mg·kg-1和0.13 mg·kg-1,基准高值(SQC-H)分别为28.32 mg·kg-1和0.79 mg·kg-1.经与国内外基准值比较,并与底栖生物监测数据和植物监测数据对比分析,表明确定的基准值合理.应用该基准值评价湘江沉积物质量现状发现,湘江沉积物Cd和Hg含量低于SQC-L和高于SQC-H的采样点所占比例较低,74.4%和76.7%的采样点沉积物Cd和Hg含量在SQC-L和SQC-H之间.     

Synthesis of 2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene-functionalized Amberlite XAD-4 resin: Applications for the separation and preconcentration of trace metal ions prior to their determination by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry

A simple, sensitive column solid-phase extraction procedure for separation and preconcentration of Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), and Cd(II) in spiked and natural water samples using 2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene-functionalized Amberlite XAD-4 (XAD-4-DHN) chelating resin prior to their determination by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry was discussed. The optimum experimental parameters such as pH, volume of sample and eluent, flow-rates of uptake and stripping, and sorption capacity of the chelating resin, were evaluated. The effect of the electrolytes and the cations on the preconcentration of metal ions was also investigated. The chelating resin could be reused for more than 20 cycles of sorption–desorption without any significant change (<1.0%). Recoveries obtained from this method range from 96 to 102% with R.S.D of 2.50 (n = 4). The detection limits for Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), and Cd(II) were found to be 1.9, 0.9, 1.2 µg, and 1.4 µg L^?1, respectively. The proposed method was applied for the determination of Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), and Cd(II) in spiked, tap water, and river water samples.     

水体和沉积物加标法评估BPAP对摇蚊的毒性

为了研究水体加标法和沉积物加标法摇蚊毒性测试的差异,采用水体和沉积物加标法对比测试了双酚AP(BPAP)对伸展摇蚊(Chironomus tentans)全生命周期的繁殖发育毒性。实验结果表明,在水体添加法摇蚊全生命周期毒性试验中,60~900μg·L-1BPAP处理组对两代摇蚊的羽化率、发育率、性别比和繁殖力均无显著影响(P>0.05);而在沉积物添加法试验中,3 200μg·kg-1及更高浓度处理组亲代羽化率和子代羽化率、发育率显著降低(P<0.05)。水体加标法和沉积物加标法得到的BPAP对摇蚊两代发育、繁殖无显著影响浓度(NOEC)分别为≥900μg·L-1和1 600μg·kg-1(即0.00070‰和0.00035‰,以BPAP在水-沉积物系统所占质量比计)。因此BPAP沉积物添加法对摇蚊的繁殖发育毒性效应大于水体添加法。在化学品危害评估中,摇蚊慢性毒性测试方法或数据的选择应考虑实际环境中该化学品进入水-沉积物系统的方式。