双酚AF暴露降低斑马鱼学习记忆能力并影响神经系统相关基因表达

双酚AF(4,4'-六氟-2-二酚,BPAF)应用渐为广泛,对生态环境具有潜在威胁。为探究BPAF对水生生物的神经毒性,选择斑马鱼作为实验对象,利用T型迷宫和实时定量PCR的研究方法,考察0、0.005、0.05和0.5 mg·L~(-1)3种不同浓度BPAF暴露下,成年斑马鱼的学习记忆能力,并检测鱼脑中胶质纤维酸性蛋白基因(glial fibrillary acidic protein,gfap)、音猬基因(sonic hedgehog,shha)和突触蛋白基因(synapsinⅡa,syn2a)表达量变化。结果表明:在T迷宫行为学检测中,0.5 mg·L~(-1)BPAF暴露浓度下,斑马鱼在第1天进入T型迷宫规定臂的潜伏时间与对照组相比显著增加(P0.01),随着暴露浓度和染毒时间的增加,潜伏时间显著延长,具有明显的剂效和时效关系。暴露6 d后,BPAF各暴露浓度组中雌鱼脑部gfap基因显著上调,雄鱼脑中gfap基因在高浓度暴露组(0.5 mg·L~(-1))下表达量下调,而在0.005 mg·L~(-1)BPAF暴露组差异不明显。BPAF暴露可导致雌鱼脑部shha基因下调,使雄鱼脑中shha基因表达量随暴露浓度增大呈先上升后下降的趋势。BPAF各暴露浓度组中雌鱼和雄鱼脑部syn2a基因下调,呈现出随暴露浓度增大而下降的趋势。综上,初步认为BPAF对斑马鱼具有潜在的神经认知干扰效应。     

A concept model to estimate the potential distribution of the Asiatic citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama) in Australia under climate change—A means for assessing biosecurity risk

Increasing global temperatures as a result of climate change are widely considered inevitable for Australia. Despite this, the specific effects of climate change on Australian agriculture are little studied and the effects on agricultural pests and diseases are virtually unknown. In this paper we consider the impact of climate change on the Asiatic citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama [Hemiptera: Psyllidae]); one of two known vectors of huanglongbing (citrus greening); a debilitating disease which is caused in Asia by a phloem-limited bacterium ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (α-Proteobacteria). D. citri does not occur in Australia, but if introduced would pose a major threat to the viability of the Australian citrus industry and to native Citrus species. This paper presents an approach developed to understand how climate change may influence the behaviour, distribution and breeding potential of D. citri. Here we developed and describe an initial dynamic point model of D. citri biology in relation to its citrus host and applied it to a scenario of increasing temperatures, as indicators of climate change, on a continental scale. A comparison between model outputs for the three time frames considered (1990, 2030 and 2070) confirms that increasing temperatures projected under climate change will affect the timing and duration of new citrus growth (flush) necessary for psyllid development throughout Australia. Flushing will start progressively earlier as the temperature increases and be of shorter duration. There will also be a gradual southward expansion of shorter durations of the occurrence of flush. Increasing temperatures will impact on D. citri both directly through alteration of its temperature dependant development cycle and indirectly through the impact on the host flushing cycle. For the whole of Australia, a comparison between model outputs for the three scenarios considered indicates the seasonality of D. citri development will change to match changes in citrus flush initiation. Results indicate that the risk of establishment by D. citri is projected to decrease under increasing temperatures, mainly due to shortened intervals when it can feed on new leaf flushes of the host. However, the spatially heterogeneous results also suggest that regions located on the southern coastline of Australia could become more suitable for D. citri than projected under current temperatures. These results confirm the value of a linked host-pest approach as based on D. citri climatic requirements alone the model would have accounted only for shorter development periods and predicted an increased risk of potential distribution.