长江流域等重污染行业经济和污染贡献率剖析

应用"污染贡献率"这一指标,分析了长江、黄河、珠江和松花江流域COD和氨氮排放的重污染行业以及地区分布,指出了各流域COD和氨氮排放的控制重点.同时分析了各流域重污染行业的经济贡献率,最后结合行业的污染贡献率和经济贡献率以及行业在地区所占的比例,提出了几点重要的结论.     

当前发展环保产业需要重新认识的几个问题

本文就当前在社会主义市场经济体制下如何更好地加快环保产业的发展,提出了如下看法：目前环保产业应是以服务业为重点内容,以市场化、产业化为其发展方式的一个综合性新兴产业,要开展以企业为主体的经济活动,建立政府激励机制,改变以政府为主体的投资机制,并加强对环保设施运营的监督管理。     

关于中国农村剩余劳动力数量的估计

本文结合中国农业生产实际，运用农业技术需求法估算了相关年份第一产业劳动力投入量，在此基础上结合第5次人口普查和第一次农业普查资料，估算了中国农村劳动力二、三产业就业量及剩余劳动力数量，并据此提出了相关政策建议。     

辽河流域工业废水主要污染物排放强度单元差异分析

污染物排放强度反映了单位新创造经济价值的环境负荷大小,运用均方差赋权法对辽宁省辽河流域6个控制单元2006年度废水量、COD和氨氮等3种主要污染物排放强度的区域差异进行了评价,结果表明,当年3种主要污染物排放强度综合评价的平均水平为0.4411,低于和高于平均水平的单元各有3个,其中浑河中游单元的评价值最低,只有平均水平的11.74%;辽河上游单元的污染物排放强度综合评价值最高,是平均水平的1.8倍,更是浑河中游的15.6倍。然后,以流域污染物排放强度最低值作为流域污染物排放强度目标值,计算各单元污染物排放强度减排潜力,结果表明,各控制单元主要污染物排放强度减排潜力具有显著的区域间差异。最后,应用＂污染贡献率＂这一指标,分析了辽河流域COD和氨氮排放的重污染行业以及单元分布,指出了各单元控制的重点。     

试论广东省农村产业布局与城市郊区空间创新

讨论了广东沿海地区乡镇企业的区位选择问题及城市郊区的生态环境现状；提出了农村产业布局空间创新的概念，并结合实际论述了产业布局与环境建设的关系。     

水土资源匹配视角下中国省域农产品供需平衡分析及其政策启示

粮食安全关系到中国稳定与发展和国际贸易秩序。以省级行政区为基本单位,基于2016—2018年各省份常住人口、农产品消费量、农业数据及相关参数,采用生态足迹和水足迹评价方法,在只考虑食用和再生产消费且不考虑地区耕地质量差异的条件下,核算各省份农产品自给的水土资源需求,评价中国省域水土资源承载力状态。结果显示：（1）中国现有耕地资源总量可满足自身耕地总需求（前者是后者1.81倍）,但省际差异大,东部沿海省市耕地不足。（2）农业可用水资源总量亦可满足农业可持续生产需求,但区域严重不平衡,华北平原与宁夏水资源赤字严重,而青藏高原地区、长江以南省份农业可用水资源丰富。（3）水土资源空间不匹配制约了中国农业的粮食生产潜力,不考虑环境净化用水,水土资源匹配状态可满足全国粮食自给需求;但考虑环境净化用水,中国粮食难以实现自给,承载力赤字达33715.50万人。以资源环境可持续为导向,未来中国应从农业生产布局优化、农业结构调整、农业科技、产业与人口转移、农产品进口和农业国际合作等方面着手,解决中国农产品需求问题。     

BENEFITS OF TRANSFERRING STREAMFLOW PRIORITY FROM AGRICULTURAL TO NON-AGRICULTURAL USE1

ABSTRACT: In Virginia, as in many states, priority to streamflow is held by riparian landowners who are predominantly agricultural users. The streamfiow may also have a high potential value to non-agricultural users who do not have riparian rights. The potential benefits of transferring streamfiow priority rights from agricultural to non-agricultural use were evaluated using simulation for an eastern Virginia watershed. Lowering irrigators' priority to streamflow reduced crop yields and irrigated returns in some years because of inadequate water supplies. However, the transfer of priorities increased the likelihood that the urban reservoir would be able to withdraw water from the stream without interruption. As a result, priority trades reduced the size of reservoir needed to meet a given water requirement by municipal users. The resulting savings in reservoir construction and maintenance costs more than offset the losses to irrigators. Net savings could be achieved even if the reservoir were required to release water periodically to maintain a minimum level of instream flow. The conclusion is that the state should encourage trading of access to streamflow in order to increase the use efficiency of streamfiows. Alternative means by which the state can facilitate water exchanges are discussed.     

基于RAGA-AHP的工业行业土地集约利用评价——以江苏省为例

作为建设用地的重要组成部分,工业用地的节约集约利用直接影响到建设用地特别是城市土地利用和管理的效果。基于行业视角的工业行业土地集约利用评价能分析工业行业土地集约利用现状,揭示不同工业行业土地集约利用的差异,为制定工业行业土地集约利用控制标准提供参考。论文通过构建包含用地结构、用地强度、用地投入和用地产出在内的4个子目标、11个指标的工业行业土地集约利用评价指标体系,采用RAGA-AHP方法实现了江苏省工业行业土地集约利用评价。研究结果表明,实码加速遗传算法与层次分析法的集成,能获得高精度的权数并能保证全局收敛性;江苏省工业行业总体的土地集约利用水平较低。通信设备、计算机及其他电子设备制造业的集约度最高,为76.74;饮料制造业的土地集约度最低,仅13.42。不同行业的土地集约利用水平存在差异,且归属于同一类别的不同行业之间的土地集约利用水平差异不大,归属于不同类别的行业之间的土地集约利用水平差异显著。     

Where Did the Agricultural Nonpoint Source Trades Go? Lessons from Virginia Water Quality Trading Programs

Governmental agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and agricultural organizations promote water quality trading programs as an innovative policy to engage agricultural producers in conservation activities. Cost analyses suggest regulated sources can reduce compliance costs by purchasing agricultural nonpoint source credits. Yet, such “point‐nonpoint” trades are rare. This article assesses the demand for agricultural nonpoint sources in well‐developed nutrient trading programs in Virginia for industrial and municipal wastewater treatment plants, municipal stormwater programs, and land developers. Evidence suggests nutrient trading programs in Virginia will not stimulate investments in pollutant reduction practices on working agricultural lands. The lack of demand for agricultural nonpoint source credits can be attributed to a substantial degree to the design features and incentives present in multiple overlapping regulatory programs. The legal setting that dampens regulated source demand for nonpoint source credits in Virginia is broadly representative of conditions found elsewhere in the United States.     

"三河三湖"流域重污染行业经济和污染贡献率剖析

应用"污染贡献率"这一指标,分析了"三河三湖"流域COD和氨氮排放的重污染行业以及地区分布,指出了各流域COD和氨氮排放的控制重点.同时分析了各流域重污染行业的"经济贡献率",最后结合行业的污染贡献率和经济贡献率以及行业在地区所占的比例,提出了几点重要的结论.