Biomonitoring heavy metals in estuaries: a field comparison of two brown algae species inhabiting upper estuarine reaches

Biomonitoring dissolved heavy metals within estuaries,particularly at their upper reaches, frequently has to relyon several biomonitors; rarely a single species thrives allalong the salinity gradient. To properly do so, it must beestablished whether those biomonitors actually accumulateheavy metals alike. In this study, two brown seaweeds fromthe upper section of three NW Spain estuaries – the widely-known Fucus vesiculosus and the estuarine Fucusceranoides – were compared as metal biomonitors. Bothspecies were collected at five locations where they eithercoexist or live close to each other and their heavy metalcontent (Cu, Cr, Mn, Zn, Fe, Al) was measured. Analyseswere appropriately replicated for each species x locationcombination to allow a statistically reliable detection ofdifferences in bioaccumulation, with particular emphasis onthe magnitude of interspecific differences. The lack of significant differences for Cu, Mn, and Zncontents in F. ceranoides and F. vesiculosussupports the feasibility of their joint use to monitorthese metals along the estuaries. Conversely, F.ceranoides concentrated significantly higher levels of Cr,Fe, and Al than F. vesiculosus and hence combiningdata for both fucoids to monitor these elements seemsimpractical. The correlation of species differencestogether with a similar Al:Fe ratio in both weed tissue andsediment suggest that Cr, Fe, and Al tissue-burdens mightbe considerably biased by sediment retained on the surfaceof the weed. Parallel analyses of Al and/or Fe in seaweedsand sediments could serve to keep track of thisinterference and may help to combine data from both fucoidsfor monitoring elements like Cr.     

矩形截面毛坯挤压矩形工件的上限研究

应用上限法建立了由矩形毛坯正挤压矩形截面工件的等挤压比流动模型 ,推导出了三次多项式表示的流线方程 ,给出了变形区的动可容速度场、应变速率场及上限功率的表达式 ,获得了挤压力的上限数值解 ;分析了变形程度、工件截面形状等参数对挤压力的影响 ,并获得了相对挤压应力与截面形状系数之间的近似关系式。研究证明采用流线速度场进行上限分析比其他方法更符合实际情况 ,根据流线设计的凹模优于常规凹模 ,如平底模。     

嘉陵江上游流域主要环境问题及其对策

嘉陵江上游流域生态环境脆弱,存在着水土流失、山洪、泥石流、地方病和水质污染问题等环境问题。文章将重点阐述这些环境的性质、强度、分布规律及其危害,并据环境问题的区域分异特点划分出四个环境问题综合区。最后提出了环境问题的防治对策。     

长江上游森林植被变化对削洪减灾功能的影响

长江上游具有形成暴雨洪水的地形与气候条件，森林植被削洪减灾功能的提高必须着眼于森林植被—土壤生态系统结构的改善，削洪减灾功能的提高是通过林冠层、枯枝落叶层和土壤层对雨水的截留拦蓄作用实现的。研究区森林植被—土壤生态系统区域差异明显，不同地区该系统林冠层、枯枝落叶层和土壤层的最大截持水量不同，该系统削洪减灾功能的大小不仅与降雨特点有关，而且与系统各水文层前期持水量有关。在连续长时间暴雨情况下，森林植被—土壤生态系统除对第一次洪峰有削减作用外，对后续暴雨洪水的削减作用不明显，甚至会使洪峰增高。根据宜昌站30d洪水量的地区组成和森林植被—土壤生态系统截留持水功能的特点，提出了长江上游森林植被恢复、重建与保护的宏观调控对策。     

经口摄入土壤多溴联苯醚生物可给性变化及影响因素的体外消化模拟

误食土壤是污染物(如多溴联苯醚)人体(主要是儿童)暴露的重要途径,人体消化道内污染物吸收的生物可给性是针对此种暴露方式进行定量风险评估的有效途径之一.本研究采用体外消化实验模拟3种不同有机碳含量的天然土壤中典型多溴联苯醚(BDE-28、BDE-47、BDE-99和BDE-153)在胃和小肠消化液中的释放,验证部分消化释放的多溴联苯醚因消化残留固相表面的再吸附造成低估实际生物可给性,并通过不同水土比的拟合计算予以校正.结果表明,校正后的消化率普遍高于校正前;就不同土样而言,BDE-28、BDE-47、BDE-99和BDE-153在不同初始暴露浓度条件下平均提升比例范围分别为14.3%~42.3%、11.1%~32.1%、4.9%~12.3%和0.0%~7.7%.因此,未经校正的消化率会显著低估PBDEs消化道内的生物可给性,尤其是低溴代组分及PBDEs初始浓度较高或高TOC含量的土样.校正后BDE-28、BDE-47、BDE-99和BDE-153的消化率分别维持在21.9%~54.7%、18.8%~43.1%、13.4%~27.2%和9.3%~19.9%.此外,PBDEs的消化率与其辛醇-水分配系数的对数lg KOW呈显著负相关;而与土壤TOC含量及PBDEs初始暴露浓度的相关性并不显著,尤其是高溴代组分.     

长江上游生态脆弱区生态屏障建设与产业发展战略研究--以昭通市为例

长江经济带是世界最大的内河产业带和制造业基地,在我国社会经济发展中占有重要的战略地位。建设长江生态屏障是长江经济带可持续发展的基本保障,以金沙江区段为主的长江上游地区在流域生态屏障建设中更是起着至关重要的作用。结合实地调研,以地处云南省东北部、金沙江下游、滇川黔3省结合部的昭通市为例,分析了地区产业发展与生态屏障建设的互动机理。首先分析了昭通市生态—经济系统存在的主要问题,进而指出优化产业结构是昭通市生态－经济系统协调发展的必然选择,在此基础上提出昭通市应通过高效生态农业、环境友好型工业以及生态旅游业的发展实现经济发展与生态屏障建设的有机结合。     

Cancer and Non-Cancer Health Risk from Eating Cassava Grown in Some Mining Communities in Ghana

Food crops such as cassava, cocoyam and other tuber crops grown in mining communities uptake toxic or hazardous chemicals such as arsenic, and cadmium, from the soil. Cassava is a stable food for Ghanaians. This study evaluated human health risk from eating cassava grown in some mining communities in Ghana such as Bogoso, Prestea, Tarkwa and Tamso, which are important mining towns in the Western Region of Ghana. The study evaluated cancer and non-cancer health effects from eating cassava grown in the study areas in accordance with US Environmental Protection Agency’s Risk Assessment guidelines. The results of the study revealed the following: cancer health risk for Tamso, 0.098 (RME – Reasonable Maximum Exposure) and 0.082 (CTE – Central Tendency Exposure). This means that approximately 10 and 8 out of 100 resident adults are likely to suffer from cancer related cases by RME and CTE parameters respectively. For Prestea, we have 0.010 and 0.12, which also means that approximately 1 out of 100 and 10 resident adults out of 100 are also likely to suffer from cancer related diseases by RME and CTE parameters. The results of the study obtained were found to be above the acceptable cancer risk range of 1× 10⁻⁶ to 1× 10⁻⁴, i.e., 1 case of cancer out of 1 million or 100,000 people respectively.     

土地利用/覆盖变化对长江上游非点源污染影响研究

在国内外相关研究的基础上,利用输出系数模型,结合RS和GIS技术,对长江上游的非点源污染负荷进行了空间模拟和负荷估算.模拟结果表明,在不考虑流域损失的前提下,由于土地利用造成的非点源污染负荷TN总量从20世纪70年代的123万t下降至2000年的116万t,基本呈逐年减少的趋势,由土地利用造成的TP的变化趋势与TN基本相同,从70年代的3.7万t下降到2000年的3.5万t左右.就省份、土地利用类型和水系而言,四川省、种植用地和草地以及金沙江水系和嘉陵江水系对长江上游的非点源污染贡献较大.在非点源污染负荷强度上,重庆市和嘉陵江水系单位面积负荷最高,是今后应重点治理的地区.结果表明,该模型可以对长江上游这样的超大尺度空间的非点源污染进行较好的空间模拟.     

重庆长江广阳岛生态修复设计与实践探索

广阳岛的生态修复设计以"长江风景眼,重庆生态岛"为价值追求,聚焦"生态"和"风景".生态修复设计围绕"摸清本底、自然恢复、生态修复、增加生物多样性"四个核心方面展开,通过运用土壤改良技术、海绵理水技术和生态疏田技术等生态修复技术提升生态修复科技内涵,使生态修复后的广阳岛以生态为魂、以风景为象.一期按照四种模式完成生态修...     

岷江上游山地生态系统的退化及其恢复与重建对策

阐述了岷江上游山地生态系统的主要特征及主要由人类活动引起的森林、草地、农用地和整个山地生态系统环境退化现状。在此基础上，提出了岷江上游退化山地生态系统恢复与重建的对策，即加强资源和环境的合理利用和保护，提高全民环境保护意识；分区分类治理；不同区城不同退化亚系统采取不同的技术方法。同时，就恢复与重建过程中应注意的几个问题出提出了解决的思路和方法。