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《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(5-6):791-803
Abstract The effects of Fe(II), Mn(II) and humic substances on the catalyzed ozonation of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor were investigated. Results revealed that small amounts of Fe(II), Mn(II), and humic substances could enhance the ozonation of alachlor, but larger amounts of them would retard the oxidation. These results were successfully identified by an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy/spin-trapping method that could quantify hydroxyl radicals. The production of hydroxyl radicals was obviously increased with the increasing of Fe(II) concentration, which contributed to enhance ozonation at low concentrations. But the excess Fe(II) consumed some of the radicals when it was added at a higher concentration (1.5 mg/L). However, no obvious radicals were observed when a different amount of Mn(II) was used, and the catalytic ozonation of alachlor by Mn(II) mainly followed the mechanism of “active sites created on the surface of MnO2.” The radical pathway was followed when alachlor was ozonated with different concentrations of humic substances because of its radical initiating, promoting, and inhibiting effects. 相似文献
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L. Guo T.J. Bicki A.S. Felsot T.D. Hinesly 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(5-6):513-527
Abstract Greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the influence of waste‐activated carbon (WAC), digested municipal sewage sludge (DMS), and animal manure on herbicidal activity of atrazine [2‐chloro‐4‐(ethylamino)‐6‐(isopropylamino)‐s‐trazine] and alachlor [2‐chloro‐2’,6'‐diethyl‐N‐(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] in a Plainfield sandy soil. Amendments generally reduced bioactivity against oat (Avena sativa L.) and Japanese millet (E. crus‐galli frumentacea). The extent to which herbicide phytotoxicity was inhibited depended upon the application rate and the kind of soil amendment. WAC, applied at the loading rate of 2.1 mt C/ha, showed a significant inhibitory effect on both herbicides. In DMS‐ and manure‐amended soil, the reduction of atrazine activity was not significant at the rate of 8.4 mt C/ha, but reduction of alachlor activity was significant at the rate of 4.2 mt C/ha. Despite inhibition of herbicidal activity, the ED50 of atrazine and alachlor was below 2 ppm in most of the amendment treatments. Before adopting carbon‐rich waste amendments as management practices for controlling pesticide leaching in coarse‐textured soils, further studies are needed to characterize how alterations in sorption, leaching and degradation may affect herbicidal activity. 相似文献
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In irrigated maize areas of an important Portuguese agricultural area, Ribatejo and Oeste Region, alachlor, atrazine and metolachlor were detected in ground water. During the study performed from 1996 to 1998 atrazine was the herbicide that showed the highest frequency of detection. In the 177 ground water samples collected 62% were contaminated with atrazine, 30% with alachlor and 12% with metolachlor. All these herbicides were detected both in ground water for human consumption and for irrigation, in some cases above 0.1 ug/L. The maximum levels quantified were 13μg/L for alachlor, 30μg/L for atrazine and 56 μg/L for metolachlor. Seasonal variation of residues in ground water it is also presented through several examples of studies performed during the period 1991–1999. 相似文献
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Abdel‐Rahman G. Abdel‐Rahman R. Don Wauchope Clint C. Truman Clyde C. Dowler 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(3):381-396
Abstract Rainfall simulation was used with small packed boxes of soil to compare runoff of herbicides applied by conventional spray and injection into sprinkler‐irrigation (chemigation), under severe rainfall conditions. It was hypothesized that the larger water volumes used in chemigation would leach some of the chemicals out of the soil surface rainfall interaction zone, and thus reduce the amounts of herbicides available for runoff. A 47‐mm rain falling in a 2‐hour event 24 hours after application of alachlor (2‐chloro‐N‐(2,6‐diethylphenyl)‐N‐(methoxymethyl)‐acetamide) and atrazine (6‐chloro‐N‐ethyl‐N‐(1‐methylethyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4‐diamine) was simulated. The design of the boxes allowed a measurement of pesticide concentrations in splash water throughout the rainfall event. Initial atrazine concentrations exceeding its’ solubility were observed. When the herbicides were applied in 64000 L/ha of water (simulating chemigation in 6.4 mm irrigation water) to the surface of a Tifton loamy sand, subsequent herbicide losses in runoff water were decreased by 90% for atrazine and 91% for alachlor, as compared to losses from applications in typical carrier water volumes of 187 L/ha. However, this difference was not due to an herbicide leaching effect but to a 96% decrease in the amount of runoff from the chemigated plots. Only 0.3 mm of runoff occurred from the chemigated boxes while 7.4 mm runoff occurred from the conventionally‐treated boxes, even though antecedent moisture was higher in the former. Two possible explanations for this unexpected result are (a) increased aggregate stability in the more moist condition, leading to less surface sealing during subsequent rainfall, or (b) a hydrophobic effect in the drier boxes. In the majority of these pans herbicide loss was much less in runoff than in leachate water. Thus, in this soil, application of these herbicides by chemigation would decrease their potential for pollution only in situations where runoff is a greater potential threat than leaching. 相似文献
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In this study, an enhanced sono-Fenton process for the degradation of alachlor is presented. At high ultrasonic power, low pH, and in the presence of adequate Fenton's reagent dosages, alachlor degradation can reach nearly 100%. The toxicity of treated alachlor wastewater, which was measured by changes in cell viability, slightly decreased after the Fenton or ultrasound/H2O2 process and significantly decreased after the enhanced sono-Fenton process. A satisfactory relationship was observed between the total organic carbon removal and cell viability increment, indicating that alachlor mineralization is a key step in reducing the toxicity of the solution. The formation of alachlor degradation byproducts was observed during the oxidation process, in which the first step was the substitution of a chloride by a hydroxyl group. In conclusion, the enhanced sono-Fenton process was effective in the degradation and detoxification of alachlor within a short reaction time. Thus, the treated wastewater can then be passed through a biological treatment unit for further treatment. 相似文献
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从鲫鱼的血样中分离淋巴细胞,以内分泌干扰物甲草胺和莠去津染毒,体外培养48 h,采用四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)比色法测定两种除草剂对淋巴细胞生长活性的影响,并进行淋巴细胞的增殖实验,确定植物血凝素(PHA)刺激淋巴细胞增殖的适宜浓度,在此基础上开展两种除草剂对鲫鱼淋巴细胞增殖影响的研究.结果表明,甲草胺和莠去津对鲫鱼淋巴细胞生长活性的影响呈剂量-效应关系,其半数抑制浓度(IC50)分别为(27.7±7.6)、(97.6±26.4)μg/L;PHA的适宜刺激质量浓度是10.0/μg/mL;两种除草剂对鲫鱼淋巴细胞增殖存在影响,当甲草胺质量浓度大于7μg/L、莠去津质量浓度大于50μg/L时,淋巴细胞增殖受到明显抑制,表明其对鲫鱼存在潜在的免疫毒性. 相似文献
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Ona Sakaliene Sharon K. Papiernik William C. Koskinen Kurt A. Spokas 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(6):641-647
This study was undertaken to determine sorption coefficients of eight herbicides (alachlor, amitrole, atrazine, simazine, dicamba, imazamox, imazethapyr, and pendimethalin) to seven agricultural soils from sites throughout Lithuania. The measured sorption coefficients were used to predict the susceptibility of these herbicides to leach to groundwater. Soil-water partitioning coefficients were measured in batch equilibrium studies using radiolabeled herbicides. In most soils, sorption followed the general trend pendimethalin > alachlor > atrazine~ amitrole~ simazine > imazethapyr > imazamox > dicamba, consistent with the trends in hydrophobicity (log Kow) except in the case of amitrole. For several herbicides, sorption coefficients and calculated retardation factors were lowest (predicted to be most susceptible to leaching) in a soil of intermediate organic carbon content and sand content. Calculated herbicide retardation factors were high for soils with high organic carbon contents. Estimated leaching times under saturated conditions, assuming no herbicide degradation and no preferential water flow, were more strongly affected by soil textural effects on predicted water flow than by herbicide sorption effects. All herbicides were predicted to be slowest to leach in soils with high clay and low sand contents, and fastest to leach in soils with high sand content and low organic matter content. Herbicide management is important to the continued increase in agricultural production and profitability in the Baltic region, and these results will be useful in identifying critical areas requiring improved management practices to reduce water contamination by pesticides. 相似文献
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